Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (62 page)

114
Woods,
Young Winston’s Wars
, p. 149 (despatch of 20 Sept. 1898).

115
Ibid., p. 126 (despatch of 10 Sept. 1898).

116
Steevens,
With Kitchener
, p. 332. The sentiment had earlier been summarized by Kipling in a poem of 1890: ‘So ’ere’s
to
you, Fuzzy-Wuzzy, at your ’ome in the Soudan/You’re a pore benighted ’eathen but a first-class fightin’ man’.

117
Woods,
Young Winston’s Wars
, p. 126 (despatch of 10 Sept. 1898).

118
WSC to Hamilton, 16 Sept. 1898, CV I, part 2, p. 979.

119
‘The Editor of
Concord
’ to the
Westminster Gazette
, 19 Oct. 1898; WSC to the
Westminster Gazette
, 24 Oct. 1898.

120
Ernest N. Bennett,
The Downfall of the Dervishes, or, The Avenging of Gordon: Being a Personal Narrative of the Final Soudan Campaign of 1898
, Negro Universities Press, New York, 1969 (first published 1898), p. 183.

121
Woods,
Young Winston’s Wars
, p. 114 (despatch of 8 Sept. 1898).

122
Ernest Bennett, ‘After Omdurman’,
Contemporary Review
, 75 (1899), pp. 18–33. Quotation at 23.

123
WSC to the Duke of Marlborough, 24 Jan. 1899, Marlborough Papers, 1/52.

124
WSC to Lady Randolph, 26 Jan. 1898, CV I, part 2, p. 1004.

125
WSC,
River War
, vol. II, pp. 195–7.

126
Churchill’s recollections were recorded by Wilfrid Scawen Blunt,
My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914: Part Two
[1900–1914], London, Martin Secker, n.d., p. 400 (entry for 21 Oct. 1912).

127
WSC,
My Early Life
, p. 242.

128
‘Midland Conservative Club: Mr Churchill’s Presidential Address’,
Birmingham Daily Post
, 2 June 1899.

129
‘The Mahdi’s Head’,
Daily News
, 5 June 1899.

130
WSC,
River War
, vol. II, pp. 212, 214.

131
See David Jablonsky, ‘Churchill’s Initial Experience with the British Conduct of Small Wars: India and the Sudan, 1897–98’,
Small Wars and Insurgencies
, 11 (2000), pp. 1–25.

132
WSC to Lord Salisbury 14 Aug. 1899, and Salisbury to WSC, 17 Aug. 1899, CV I, part 2, p. 1042.

133
Pollock,
Kitchener
, p. 150.

134
‘The River War’,
Daily Telegraph
, 8 Nov. 1899 and ‘Pages in Waiting’,
World
, 8 Nov. 1899, both in Broadwater Collection.

135
F. I. Maxse, ‘Inaccurate History’,
National Review
, 35 (1900), pp. 262–75.

136
‘The River War: Mr Winston Churchill’s Severe Criticism of Lord Kitchener’,
Star
, 7 Nov. 1899, Broadwater Collection.

137
Geoffrey Best,
Churchill and War
, Hambledon, London, 2005, p. 23. In 1950 a scholar wrote to Churchill asking him why the criticisms of Kitchener had been cut out; a reply from a secretary failed to give an answer. Churchill was not necessarily being evasive; he may have been too busy to give an explanation or, by this stage, he could have simply forgotten the reason. Marjorie Perham to WSC, n.d., and Jo Sturdee to Perham, 29 Jan. 1950, Marjorie Perham Papers, 295/9.

138
WSC,
River War
, vol. I, p. 19.

139
‘The Real History of the Soudan War’,
Pall Mall Gazette
, 6 Nov. 1899 and ‘The River War’,
Star
, 7 Nov. 1899, both in Broadwater Collection.

140
WSC,
The River War
, vol. II, p. 396.

141
‘Reviews: Out of Egypt’,
Outlook
, 18 Nov. 1899, Broadwater Collection.

142
WSC,
The River War
, vol. II, pp. 398–9.

143
Ibid., pp. 400–1.

144
WSC, ‘The Fashoda Incident’,
North American Review
, Dec. 1898, in
Collected Essays
, vol. I, p. 40.

145
Speech of 31 Oct. 1898.

146
WSC,
Story of the Malakand Field Force
, p. 157.

3. A CONVENIENT WAY OF SEEING THE EMPIRE

1
Lord Moran,
Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965
, Constable, London, 1966, p. 236.

2
‘Mr Churchill – Imperialist!’,
Observer
, 6 Dec. 1908.

3
WSC to Curzon, n.d. but September/October 1899, Lord Curzon Papers, MS Eur. F111/272.

4
WSC,
My Early Life: A Roving Commission
[originally published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1930], CW, vol. I, pp. 108, 113.

5
WSC, ‘Our Account with the Boers’, n.d. but 1896–7, Churchill Papers, CHAR 1/19/2–20. Short extracts are quoted in Randolph S. Churchill,
Winston S. Churchill
, vol. I:
Youth, 1874–1900
, Heinemann, London, 1966, pp. 449–50, and subsequent writers have generally relied on these.

6
‘Cardiff Politics’,
Western Mail
, 18 May 1899.

7
Quoted in Lewis Broad,
Winston Churchill, 1874–1951
, Hutchinson, London, 1951, p. 25.

8
Quoted in ‘Echoes of the Fight: From Today’s Papers’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 26 June 1899.

9
‘In the Arena: Splendid Meeting at the Theatre Royal’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 28 June 1899.

10
‘Mr Churchill and the Government’,
Oldham Evening Chronicle
, 27 June 1899.

11
‘The Conservative Candidates’,
Manchester Guardian
, 1 July 1899.

12
Paul Addison,
Churchill: The Unexpected Hero
, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 22; Roy Jenkins,
Churchill
, Macmillan, London, 2001, pp. 48–9; Clive Ponting,
Churchill
, Sinclair-Stevenson, London, 1994, p. 32; WSC,
My Early Life
, p. 239.

13
There is some discussion of this aspect of the campaign in Henry Pelling,
Winston Churchill
, Macmillan, London, 1974, pp. 71–3. See also Peter Clarke,
Lancashire and the New Liberalism
, Cambridge University Press, London, 1971, p. 43.

14
‘The Conservative Candidates’,
Manchester Guardian
, 28 June 1899.

15
‘The Oldham Election’,
Oldham Evening Chronicle
, 29 June 1899.

16
P. Harnetty, ‘The Indian Cotton Duties Controversy, 1894–1896’,
English Historical Review
, 77 (1962), pp. 684–702.

17
‘Theatre Royal Meeting’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 28 June 1899.

18
‘At Greenacres Co-op’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 30 June 1899.

19
Penderel Moon (ed.),
Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal
, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1997, p. 12 (entry for 27 July 1943).

20
‘The Men for Oldham’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 26 June 1899.

21
‘Mr Chamberlain on the Transvaal’,
The Times
, 27 June 1899.

22
Peter T. Marsh,
Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics
, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1994, p. 464.

23
‘The Oldham Election’,
Manchester Guardian
, 30 June 1899.

24
‘Grand Meeting at Chadderton’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 4 July 1899.

25
‘At the Conservative Club’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 7 July 1899.

26
Speech of 17 Aug. 1899.

27
See, for example, Bindon Blood to Lady Randolph Churchill, 28 Aug. 1899, Churchill Papers, CHAR 28/67/5–6: ‘No doubt there is plenty of gold in the Transvaal to pay all [war] expenses, and the business ought to be a very simple one if it is undertaken with sufficient means.’

28
WSC,
My Early Life
, p. 246.

29
Keith Surridge,
Managing the South African War, 1899–1902: Politicians v. Generals
, Royal Historical Society, London, 1998, p. 4.

30
WSC to Evelyn Wood, 10 Nov. 1899, CV I, part 2, p. 1059.

31
WSC,
The Boer War: London to Ladysmith Via Pretoria/Ian Hamilton’s March
[both titles originally published by Longman’s Green & Co, London, 1900], CW, vol. IV, p. 10 (despatch of 1 Nov. 1899).

32
Ibid., p. 19 (despatch of 6 Nov. 1899).

33
The best account of the episode is Celia Sandys,
Churchill Wanted Dead or Alive
, HarperCollins, London, 1999, ch. 5, to which I am indebted.

34
L. S. Amery,
Days of Fresh Air
, Jarrolds, London, 1939, pp. 141–2.