Colour Bar (59 page)

14.
ibid.

15.
The Times
, 12 April 1952.

16.
Hansard
, 27 March 1952.

17.
The Times
, 31 March 1952.

18.
Redfern,
Ruth and Seretse
, p. 196.

19.
East Africa and Rhodesia
, 24 April 1952;
Daily Mail
, 16 April 1952.

20.
Colin Turnbull to Greenidge, 18 April 1952, BLCAS, Mss Br Emp s.22.

21.
East Africa and Rhodesia
, 24 April 1952;
Daily Mail
, 16 April 1952.

22.
Report on Seretse Khama Meeting, 15 April 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4139.

23.
Clark to Baxter, 6 April 1952, ibid.

24.
Report on Seretse Khama Meeting, 15 April 1952, ibid.

25.
Clark to Baxter, 8 April 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4143.

26.
Bickford to Baxter, 18 April 1952, ibid.

27.
Baxter to Bickford, 19 April 1952, ibid.

28.
Notes for the Secretary of State's meeting with the Bamangwato Delegation on Monday 21 April, ibid.

29.
Clark to Baxter, 18 April 1952, ibid.

30.
Baxter to Clark, 19 April 1952, ibid.

31.
Record of meeting between the Commonwealth Secretary and the Bamangwato Delegation, 21 April 1952, ibid.

32.
Redfern,
Ruth and Seretse
, p. 199.

33.
Memorandum presented by the Bamangwato Tribal Delegation to the Secretary of State, 21 April 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4143; Clark to HCO, 22 April 1952, ibid.

34.
The Times
, 24 April 1952.

35.
Hansard
, 24 April 1952.

36.
The Times
, 30 April 1952.

37.
ibid.

38.
ibid.

39.
K. Kgamane, P. Sekgoma, K. Baitswe, M. M. Mathangwane, Gaothobogwe Leposo, M. Mpotokwane to Salisbury, 5 May 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4143.

40.
Manchester Guardian
, 12 May 1952.

41.
Collins,
Partners in Protest
, p. 186.

42.
Birmingham Post
, 12 May 1952.

43.
ibid.

44.
Note by Joyce, 23 May 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4469.

45.
Ebony
, June 1951.

46.
‘Telephone message from Mafeking. Intelligence. Bamangwato Reserve' from High Commissioner, Cape Town, to Secretary of State, 2 May 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1328.

47.
Goareng Mosinyi to author, 12 November 2004.

1.
‘Received by Telephone – 11 a.m., 21 May 1952', Resident Commissioner, Mafikeng, to Chief Secretary, Cape Town, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1329.

2.
‘Telephone message from Mafeking received 12.10 p.m., 23 May 1952', report sent in telegram from High Commissioner, Cape Town, to Secretary of State, London, ibid.

3.
HCO to CRO, 12 June 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 1015/359.

4.
Neil Parsons to author, November 2004; Goareng Mosinyi to author, November 2004.

5.
Peter Sebina, ‘From My Note Book', 6 June 1952, KIII, TKP 58.

6.
HCO to CRO, 9 June 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 1015/359.

7.
Rand Daily Mail
, 27 May 1952;
Time
, 16 June 1952.

8.
Report by Fraenkel, 12 June 1952, SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9.

9.
High Commissioner to CRO, 30 May 1952, TNA:PRO, PREM 11/1182.

10.
Seager,
The Shadow of a Great Rock
, p. 75.

11.
HCO to CRO, 7 June 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 1015/359.

12.
Parsons, ‘The Serowe Kgotla riot of 1952'; Fraenkel to Brockway, 2 June 1952, repeated in CRO to HCO, 16 June 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 1015/359; HCO to CRO, 8 June 1952, ibid.

13.
Parsons, ‘The Serowe Kgotla riot of 1952'.

14.
Peter Sebina, ‘From My Note Book', 6 June 1952, KIII, TKP 58.

15.
‘Telephone messages, report sent in telegram from High Commissioner, Cape Town, to Secretary of State, London, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1329.

16.
HCO to CRO, 2 June 1952, TNA:PRO, PREM 11/1182.

17.
Seager,
The Shadow of a Great Rock
, pp. 76–7.

18.
HCO to CRO, 3 June 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 1015/359;
The Times
, 5 June 1952.

19.
The Times
, 3 June 1952; HCO to CRO, 8 June 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 1015/359.

20.
The Times
, 5 June 1952.

21.
HCO to CRO, 9 June 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 1015/359.

22.
Clark to National Council for Civil Liberties, 2 September 1952, TNA: PRO, DO 35/4310.

23.
Report by Fraenkel, 12 June 1952, SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9; Fraenkel to Brockway, 10 June 1952, repeated in CRO to HCO, 16 June 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 1015/359; Intelligence Report for June 1952, TNA: PRO, DO 119/1324.

24.
HCO to CRO, 9 June 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 1015/359.

25.
HCO to CRO, 6 June 1952, ibid.

26.
Hansard
, 10 June 1952.

27.
Quoted in Macmillan,
Tides of Fortune
, p. 391.

28.
Hansard
, 10 June 1952.

29.
HCO to CRO, 12 June 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 1015/359.

30.
Daily Worker
, 19 August 1952.

31.
Clark to National Council for Civil Liberties, 2 September 1952, TNA: PRO, DO 35/4310.

32.
Manchester Guardian
, 20 August 1952.

33.
Daily Worker
, 19 August 1952.

34.
Statement by Vieyra, repeated in Keaboka and others v. the Queen, 18 December 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4501.

35.
Goareng Mosinyi to author, 12 November 2004.

36.
Judgement by Harold Willan, Lobatse, 9 September 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4501.

37.
Report on Kgotla held at Mahalapye on 11 July 1952 by Assistant District Officer, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1311.

38.
Head,
Serowe: Village of the Rainwind
, p. xxii.

39.
High Commissioner to Secretary of State, 20 April 1953, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1337.

40.
Raditladi to
Naledi ya Batswana
, 2 August 1952.

41.
Cape Times
, 5 April 1952.

42.
Beetham to Chief Secretary, 6 August 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1311.

43.
High Commissioner to Secretary of State, 7 August 1952, ibid.

44.
Secretary of State to High Commissioner, Pretoria, 13 August 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1332.

45.
Daymond et al. (eds),
Women Writing Africa
, p. 180.

46.
Morton and Ramsay,
The Birth of Botswana
, pp. 117–18.

47.
Secretary of State to High Commissioner, Pretoria, 13 August 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1332.

48.
ibid.

49.
Bent,
Ten Thousand Men of Africa
, p. 91.

50.
Thomas Tlou and Alec Campbell,
History of Botswana
, p. 308.

51.
Winstanley,
Under Two Flags in Africa
, p. 57.

52.
Benson,
A Far Cry
, p. 101.

53.
Winstanley,
Under Two Flags in Africa
, p. 57.

54.
Printed letter by E. B. Beetham, circulated to Bangwato, 11 September 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1332.

55.
Seager,
The Shadow of a Great Rock
, p. 82.

56.
Report of meeting at Sefhare Kgotla, 29 September 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1333.

57.
Johannesburg
Star
, 10 November 1952.

58.
Reports from Serowe, 10 and 11 November 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1334.

59.
ibid.

60.
Johannesburg
Star
, 12 November 1952.

61.
Reports from Serowe, 10 and 11 November 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1334.

62.
Seager,
The Shadow of a Great Rock
, p. 84.

63.
The Times
, 9 March 1953.

1.
Huddleston, ‘The Birth of a Struggle', in Henderson,
Man of Christian Action
, pp. 47–8.

2.
W. H. Ingrams, ‘Memorandum. Europeans and Race Relations', 27 April 1951, TNA:PRO, CO 537/7787.

3.
Exchange of minutes between 13 June 1951 and 6 May 1953, ibid.; Jeffries to Archbishop of Canterbury, 9 February 1953, ibid.

4.
Mungai Lenneiye to author, 19 September 2005.

5.
See David Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
; also Douglas-Home,
Evelyn Baring
.

6.
Guardian
, 20 May 1952.

7.
He was being watched by MI5: see TNA:PRO, KV2/1921 for MI5 file.

8.
Brockway and Grimond to Maude, 25 August 1952, SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/8.

9.
Fenner Brockway, article in FACT (Liberal Party publication), January 1953.

10.
Bickford to Baxter, 22 September 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4469.

11.
Telegram from Secretary of State, London, to High Commissioner, Cape Town, 24 March 1954, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1340.

12.
Note by Joyce, 23 May 1952, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4469.

13.
Carr to Seretse, 2 October 1952, SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/8.

14.
Open letter, Council for the Defence of Seretse Khama to Friends in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, 14 May 1953, SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9.

15.
The World
, 18 February 1956.

16.
Yorkshire Post
, n.d., cutting in TNA:PRO, DO 119/1333.

17.
Naledi Khama to author, 13 November 2004.

18.
See Cockett,
David Astor and the Observer
, chapter 6, ‘Africa'.

19.
Quoted in Memorandum of the Council for the Defence of Seretse Khama, September 1953, SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9.

20.
Quoted in ibid.

21.
Quoted in ibid.

22.
Daily Herald
, 11 March 1953.

23.
Quoted in Booker to Clark, 10 March 1953, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4279.

24.
Daily Mail
, 2 October 1956.

25.
Today
, 12 March 1960.

26.
Brockway,
Outside the Right
, p. 76.

27.
ibid.
, p. 148.

28.
Charles Njonjo to author, 12 March 2004.

29.
Daily Mail
, 10 October 1956.

30.
Evening Standard
, 31 October 1955.

31.
Today
, 12 March 1960.

32.
Sisulu,
Water and Albertina Sisulu
, p. 134.

33.
Appiah,
Joe Appiah
, p. 213.

34.
ibid., pp. 219–20.

35.
ibid., p. 224.

36.
ibid., p. 225.

37.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
: Edward Mutesa II.

38.
Constantine,
Colour Bar
, p. 188.

39.
Stonehouse,
Prohibited Immigrant
, p. 103.

40.
Mutibwa,
Uganda since Independence
, p. 15.

41.
Liesching to Le Rougetel, 13 March 1953, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1336.

42.
MacKenzie to Turnbull, 17 April 1953, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1337.

43.
Batho to Bamangwato, 2 April 1953, KIII, TKP 58.

44.
Signatories c/o K. M. Ketshabile to Seretse Khama Campaign Committee, 13 April 1953, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1338.

45.
Report of the Council for the Defence of Seretse Khama, n.d., SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers 6/9.

46.
The Times
, 7 May 1953.

47.
Fraenkel to Rathcreedan, 24 June 1953, SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9.

48.
Seager,
The Shadow of a Great Rock
, p. 87.

49.
Notes for Secretary by Clark, 28 April 1953, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4278.

50.
Hansard
, 13 May 1953.

51.
The Times
, 14 May 1953.

1.
Quoted in Sampson,
Mandela
, p. 99.

2.
See Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
.

3.
Elkins,
Britain's Gulag
, p. 209.

4.
Kimathi to Dr Mabuyo Mugwanji, 23 May 1954, in Maina Wa Kinyatti (ed.),
Kenya's Freedom Struggle. The Dedan Kimathi Papers
, p. 20.

5.
Wedgwood Benn to Benn Levy, n.d. [1954], SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9.

6.
Open letter from Brockway, 17 December 1954, SOAS, MCF, Box 11.

7.
Owen, ‘Critics of Empire in Britain', pp. 204–5; see also Howe,
Anti-Colonialism in British Politics
.

8.
Wedgwood Benn to Benn Levy, n.d. [1954], SUL (UK), Benn Levy Papers, 6/9.

9.
Handlist, by Andrew B. Strachan, SOAS, Archives of Movement for Colonial Freedom, October 1984, p. 1.

10.
See SOAS, MCF Box 84 for further details on the structure and activities of the MCF.

11.
District Secretary, National Union of General and Municipal Workers, to Hatch, 5 February 1955, LHASC, Hatch Papers.

12.
Meeting between Parliamentary Under-Secretary and Seretse Khama, 17 May 1954, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1341.

13.
Redfern,
Ruth and Seretse
, p. 217.

14.
K. M. Ketshabile to Monica Whately, n.d. [June 1953], TNA:PRO, DO 35/4278.

15.
Telephone message from MacKenzie at 10.30 a.m., 4 June 1953, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1338.