Curveball (38 page)
Authors: Martha Ackmann
23
. Maria Bartlow-Reed interview with the author, March 10, 2008; “Oral History of Katherine Stewart Flippin,”
Black Women Oral History Project
vol. 4, edited by Ruth Edmonds Hill and Patricia Miller King (Westport: CT: Meckler Publishing, 1991), 87. Copyright Radcliffe College.
24
. Douglas Henry Daniels,
Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), 78; Carol Brookman interview with the author, December 2, 2008; Maria Bartlow-Reed interview with the author, March 10, 2008; Oral history with Aurelious P. Alberga conducted by Albert S. Broussard, December 7, 1976, “Afro-Americans in San Francisco Prior to World War II,” the Friends of the San Francisco Public Library and the San Francisco African-American Historical and Cultural Society, 36.
25
. Mike Weaver, “Female Player Was a Minority of One,”
San Jose Mercury News
, August 11, 1991
26
. Jas Obrecht, editor.
Rockin’ and Tumblin’: The Postwar Blues Guitarists.
San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books, 2000, 29.
27
. Obrecht, 30.
28
. Toni Stone interview with Larry Lester, January 3, 1991. Lester private archive.
29
. Daniels, 177.
30
. Toni Stone interview with Miki Turner, August 1992. Tuner interview notes shared with author July 10, 2009.
31
. Jim Quinlan interview with the author, December 8, 2008.
32
. Bob Hayes, “To This Ms., Diamond Is Made of Dirt,”
San Francisco Examiner;
David Hawley, “Toni Stone, a Baseball ‘Tomboy,’”
Saint Paul Pioneer Press
, November 5, 1996; Merlene Davis, Lexington (Kentucky)
Herald-Leader
, November 28, 1996.
33
. Jim Quinlan interview with the author, December 8, 2008.
34
. Jim Brown interview with the author, August 16, 2008.
35
. Barbara Gregorich,
Women at Play: The Story of Women in Baseball
(New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1993), 171; Toni Stone interview with Larry Lester, January 3, 1991. Lester private archive.
36
.
San Mateo Times,
August 9, 1947;
San Mateo Times,
August 19, 1947; Dave Lewis, “Once Over Lightly,”
Long Beach Independent,
May 14, 1947;
Oakland Tribune
, July 14, 1947;
San Mateo Times,
June 21, 1948.
37
. Toni Stone interview with Jean Hastings Ardell, April 1992. Ardell interview notes shared with author June 22, 2009.
38
. William G. Swank and James D. Smith III, “This Was Paradise: Voices of the Pacific Coast League Padres: 1936–1958,”
Journal of San Diego History
Winter 1995, vol. 41, no. 1. Interview with Pete Coscarart.
39
. Michael Seidel,
Ted Williams: A Baseball Life
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003), 12–15.
40
. Kevin Nelson,
The Golden Game: The Story of California Baseball
(Berkeley: California Historical Society Press, 2004), 218.
41
.
Fresno Bee
, May 13, 1946.
42
. Letter from Abe Saperstein to Byron “Speed” Reilly, June 13, 1946. Eddie Harris Manuscript Collection, African American Museum and Library Oakland, CA.
43
.
Seattle Daily Times
, June 3, 1946.
44
. Sammy J. Miller and Dick Clark,
Black Baseball in Detroit
(Mt. Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), 264.
45
. Herald Gordon interview with the author, July 18, 2008.
46
. Brent Kelley,
I Will Never Forget: Interviews with 39 Former Negro League Players
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2003), 60–61.
47
. Kelley, 61.
48
. Joseph A. Reaves,
Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 106–107.
49
. Baltimore
Afro-American.
July 17, 1954.
50
. Ibid.; Toni Stone interview with Jean Hastings Ardell, April 1992. Ardell interview notes shared with author June 22, 2009.
51
. Jonathan Eig,
Opening Day: The Story of Jackie Robinson’s First Season
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 18.
52
. Ibid., 70.
53
. Ibid., 4.
54
. Jackie Robinson as told to Alfred Duckett,
I Never Had It Made: An Autobiography of Jackie Robinson
(New York: Harper Collins, 1972), xvii.
55
. Eig, 161. The rhyme is attributed to sportswriter Wendell Smith.
56
. Toni Stone interview with Miki Turner, August 1992. Turner interview notes shared with author July 10, 2009.
57
. Ibid.; “Baseball Pioneer Tells Students to Follow Dreams,” Saint Paul
Pioneer Press,
March 7, 1990.
58
. George Nathan,
Maryville Daily Forum
, June 24, 1953.
59
. “Girls of Summer,” San Francisco Exploratorium exhibit.
60
. Ron Thomas, “She Made It a League of Her Own,”
Emerge
, May 1996.
61
. Letter from Eddie Harris to Clifford Allen, postmarked January 31, 1949. Eddie Harris Collection. African-American Museum and Library, Oakland, California.
62
. Alan Ward, “On Second Thought,”
Oakland Tribune
, May 25, 1953.
3
. Adam Fairclough,
Race & Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915–1972
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995), 111.
4
. Fairclough, 84.
5
. Ibid., xvii.
6
. Ted Lewis, “Negro Leagues Had Local Flavor,” New Orleans
Times-Picayune
, July 4, 1994.
7
. Mike Mulhern, “Barnstorming Days Put Clark in Contact with Game’s Best,” Baton Rouge
State-Times
, August 4, 1987.
8
.
Louisiana Weekly
, May 15, 1948.
10
. Marty Mule, “Walter Wright Savors Black Pels’ Glory Days,” New Orleans
Times-Picayune
, May 5, 1983.
11
.
Louisiana Weekly
, April 17, 1948.
12
. Ibid., February 19, 1949.
13
. Ibid., May 10, 1950.
14
. S. Derby Gisclair.
Baseball in New Orleans
(Portsmouth, NH: Arcadia Publishing, 2004), 36, 75, 89.
15
. Bob Hayes, “To This Ms., Diamond Is Made of Dirt,”
San Francisco Examiner
, May 4, 1976.
16
. Lenny Yochim interview with the author, October 4, 2008.
17
. Willie Mays with Lou Sahadi,
Say, Hey: The Autobiography of Willie Mays
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 70.
18
. Rick Swaine,
The Black Stars Who Made Baseball Whole: The Jackie Robinson Generation in the Major Leagues, 1947–1959
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2006), 114.
19
. D. L. Cummings, “The Genuine Article Sam Lacy, 93, and Going Strong in Black Journalism,”
New York Daily News
, February 2, 1997.
20
. Bruce Adelson,
Brushing Back Jim Crow: The Integration of Minor-League Baseball in the American South
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), 78, 89, 94.
21
. Jeffrey Flanagan, “A Stop in Kansas City,”
Kansas City Star
, April 15, 1997.
22
.
http://explorepahistory.com/odocument.php?docId=224
; Ted Lewis, “Negro Leagues Had Local Flavor,” New Orleans
Times-Picayune
, July 4, 1994; Wilmer Fields,
My Life in the Negro Leagues: An Autobiography of Wilmer Fields
(Westport, CT: Meckler, 1992), 3.
23
. Lewis.
24
.
Louisiana Weekly
, June 5, 1948.
25
. Hayes.
26
. Adelson, 92, 70.
27
. Chuck Harmon, quoted in Adelson, 80.
28
. Herald Gordon interview with the author, July 22, 2008.
29
. Russell Stockard interview with the author, October 16, 2008.
30
.
Louisiana Weekly
, May 7, 1949.
31
. Jim Reisler,
Black Writers/Black Baseball: An Anthology of Articles from Black Sportswriters Who Covered the Negro Leagues
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2007), 7.
32
. Reisler, 148–149.
33
. Herald Gordon interview with the author, July 22, 2008.
34
. Leslie Heaphy,
The Negro Leagues, 1869–1960
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company), 127.
35
. Heaphy, 128.
36
. Willie Mays with Lou Sahadi,
Say Hey: The Autobiography of Willie Mays (
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 36.
37
. Wilmer Fields,
My Life in the Negro Leagues: An Autobiography of Wilmer Fields
(Westport, CT: Meckler, 1992), 18.
38
. Adam Fairclough,
Race & Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915–1972
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995), xvii.
39
. Russell Stockard interview with the author, October 16, 2008. Stockard succeeded Jim Hall at the
Louisiana Weekly.
40
. Paul Dickson,
Fiftieth Anniversary Hall of Fame Yearbook
, 1989, 38. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc., Cooperstown, NY.
41
.
Louisiana Weekly
, December 18, 1948.
42
. Ibid., March 5, 1949.
43
. Ibid., February 9, 1952.
44
. Ibid., June 17, 1950.
45
. Lucille Bland interviews with the author, October 1, 2008, and October 7, 2008.
46
. Ibid.;
Louisiana Weekly
, July 17, 1948, June 17, 1950.
47
. Fields, 14.
48
. Herald Gordon interview with the author, July 22, 2008.
49
. Ibid.
50
.
New York Times
, June 30, 1949.
51
. Herald Gordon interview with the author, July 22, 2008;
Louisiana Weekly
, April 9, 1949.
52
. Hayes.
53
.
Louisiana Weekly,
January 22, 1949.
54
. Ibid., April 9, 1949.
55
. Adelson, 7–8.
56
. Adam Fairclough,
Race & Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915–1972
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995), introductory epigraph.
57
. Ibid.
58
.
Louisiana Weekly
, March 29, 1948.
59
. Elec Njaker,
Louisiana Weekly
, April 2, 1949, 10.
60
.
Louisiana Weekly,
March 5, 1949, and May 10, 1952.