First Ladies (81 page)

59
. Roosevelt,
Autobiography
, p. 256.

60
. Beasley,
Press Conferences
, p. x.

61
. Eleanor Roosevelt, “Flying Is Fun,”
Collier's
(April 22, 1939), p. 15.

62
. Kathleen McLaughlin, “First Lady's View of First Lady's Role,”
New York Times,
January 21, 1940, p. 3.

63
. Eleanor Roosevelt, “Women in Politics,”
Good Housekeeping
(April 1940), p. 45.

64
. Susan Becker,
Origins of the Equal Rights Amendment: Feminism Between the Wars
(Westport, 1981), pp. 216–217.

65
. Ware,
Holding Their Own
, p. 90.

66
. Joanna Schneider Zangrando and Robert L. Zangrando, “ER and Black Civil Rights,” in Joan Hoff-Wilson and Marjorie Lightman, eds.,
Without Precedent: The Life and Career of Eleanor Roosevelt
(Bloomington, 1984), p. 99.

67
. Eleanor Roosevelt, “24 Hours,”
Ladies' Home Journal
(October 1940), p. 20.

68
. Modern First Ladies Conference, Grand Rapids, Michigan, April 18–20, 1984.

69
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 167.

70
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 193.

71
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 399.

72
. Eleanor Roosevelt to Jacqueline Kennedy, December 1, 1960, in Letters of Eleanor Roosevelt, Hyde Park.

73
. Asbell,
Mother and Daughter
, p. 189.

74
. William H. Chafe, biographical entry for Eleanor Roosevelt in Sicherman et al., eds.,
Notable American Women: The Modern Period
, p. 600.

75
. Lash,
Eleanor and Franklin
, p. 97.

76
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 399.

77
. Bess Furman,
Washington By-Line
(New York, 1949), p. 324.

78
. Lilian Rixey, “Bess Truman and Her Town,”
Life
(July 11, 1949), p. 88.

79
. Helen Worden Erskine, ‘The Riddle of Mrs. Truman,”
Collier's
(February 9, 1949), p. 14.

80
. Margaret Truman,
Souvenir: Margaret Truman's Own Story
(New York, 1956), p. 13. For more on the enigma of Bess Truman, see Margaret Truman,
Bess W. Truman
(New York, 1986).

81
. Jhan Robbins,
Bess and Harry: An American Love Story
(New York, 1980), p. 80, cites Oral History Project interview, Columbia University. On the announcement of the cancellation, see
New York Times,
May 7, 1945, p. 30.

82
. Lillian Rogers Parks and Frances Spatz Leighton,
It Was Fun Working at the White House
(New York, 1969), p. 14.

83
. For the public report, see “First Lady Swings Bottle Unbroken,”
New York Times
, May 31, 1945, p. 22. For repercussions in the Truman household, see Margaret Truman,
Souvenir
, p. 107.

84
. Margaret Truman pointed out that her mother began to fly after 1953, and that almost all her trips after that date were by air,
Bess W. Truman
, p. 401.

85
.
New York Times
, October 30, 1947, p. 27.

86
. Truman,
Bess W. Truman
, p. 271; Parks and Leighton,
It Was Fun
, p. 19.

87
.
New York Times
, July 23, 1944, p. 29. Truman,
Bess W. Truman
, p. 87, notes her mother's family's connections to politics and how they helped Harry in the early years.

88
.
New York Times
, July 27, 1944, p. 11.

89
. Robert H. Ferrell, ed.,
Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910–1959
(New York, 1983), p. vii.

90
. Ferrell,
Dear Bess
, p. 465.

91
. Ferrell,
Dear Bess
, p. 521.

92
. Marianne Means, “What 3 Presidents Say About Their Wives,”
Good Housekeeping
(August 1963), p. 184. Margaret Truman later wrote that her mother “obviously knew about the atomic bomb” but that Harry did not discuss its use with her. See
Bess W. Truman,
p. 270.

93
. Ferrell,
Dear Bess
, p. 554.

94
. Furman,
Washington By-Line
, p. 336.

95
. Rixey, “Bess Truman,”
Life
(July 11, 1949), p. 88.

96
. Robbins,
Bess and Harry
, pp. 17–21.

97
. Truman,
Bess W. Truman
, p. 387, writes that the story of the suicide was not told during Bess's lifetime, but Jhan Robbins wrote about it in
Bess and Harry
, p. 22.

98
. Ferrell,
Dear Bess
, p. 143.

99
. Robbins,
Bess and Harry
, p. 31.

100
. Erskine, “Riddle of Mrs. Truman,” p. 14.

101
. Robbins,
Bess and Harry
, p. 38.

102
.
Newsweek
(January 7, 1946), p. 26.

103
. Bess Furman, “The Independent Lady from Independence,”
New York Times,
June 9, 1946, p. 20.

104
. Erskine, “Riddle of Mrs. Truman,” p. 14.

105
.
New York Times,
October 30, 1947, p. 27.

106
.
New York Times,
January 19, 1947, section VI, p. 43.

107
.
Time
(November 10, 1947), p. 24.

108
.
Newsweek
(January 7, 1946), p. 26.

109
.
Time
(June 3, 1946), p. 45.

110
.
New York Times,
February 28, 1946, p. 21.

111
. J. B. West,
Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies
(New York, 1973), p. 75.

112
.
Newsweek
(February 4, 1946), p. 25.

113
.
New York Times
, January 25, 1946, p. 20.

114
.
New York Times,
July 22, 1944, p. 10.

115
. Lillian Parks,
My 30 Years Backstairs at the White House
(New York, 1961), p. 311.

116
. Parks and Leighton,
It Was Fun,
p. 139.

117
. Liz Carpenter at Modern First Ladies conference, Gerald R. Ford Museum, Grand Rapids, Michigan, April 18–20, 1984.

118
. Robbins,
Bess and Harry
, p. 2.

119
. Means, “What 3 Presidents Say,” p. 182.

120
.
New York Times
, October 30, 1946, p. 29.

121
.
New York Times,
July 16, 1946, p. 26.

122
. Jonathan Daniels, “The Lady from Independence,”
McCall's
(April 1949), p. 86.

123
.
Time
(March 23, 1953), p. 19.

124
. Parks,
My 30 Years,
p. 312.

125
.
New York Times,
November 2, 1979, p. 1.

126
.
Collier's
(October 4, 1952), p. 48.

127
. Lenore Hailparn, “What Is She Like? Our New First Lady?”
Independent Woman
(January 1953), p. 2.

128
.
New York Times,
October 17, 1945, p. 44.

129
. Kay Summersby Morgan,
Past Forgetting
(New York, 1976), p. 201.

130
. Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Letters to Mamie,
ed. John S. D. Eisenhower (Garden City, 1978).

131
. Merle Miller,
Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman
(New York, 1973), pp. 339–340.

132
. Morgan,
Past Forgetting
, p. 14.

133
. Steve Neal,
The Eisenhowers: Reluctant Dynasty
(New York, 1978), p. 177.

134
. Lester and Irene David,
Ike and Mamie
(New York, 1981), pp. 125–128.

135
. Ruth Montgomery, “An Intimate Portrait of Our Vivacious First Lady After One Year in the White House,”
Look
(February 23, 1954), p. 31.

136
.
Time
(March 23, 1953), p. 19.

137
.
U. S. News and World Report
(August 21, 1953), p. 52.

138
. Montgomery, “An Intimate Portrait,” p. 31.

139
.
Time
(March 23, 1953), p. 19. See also Marilyn Irvin Holt,
Mamie Doud Eisenhower: The General's First Lady
(Lawrence, 2007).

140
. Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Mandate for Change
(Garden City, 1963), p. 264.

141
. Letter of Mrs. Edward J. Birmingham, February 1954, in Chicago Historical Society.

142
.
Life
(October 20, 1958), p. 60.

143
. Means, “What 3 Presidents Say,” p. 193.

144
. Parks and Leighton,
It Was Fun
, p. 174.

145
. Parks,
My 30 Years
, p. 33.

146
. West,
Upstairs at the White House
, pp. 130–131.

147
. Alden Hatch,
Red Carpet for Mamie
(New York, 1954), p. 251.

148
. Helen Worden, “The American Story of Mrs. Eisenhower,”
Coronet
(August 1951), pp. 56–62.

149
. Nanette Kutner, “The Story of Mamie,”
Woman's Home Companion
(July 1953). p. 25.

150
. Photographs appear in
Life
(January 26, 1953) pp. 77–78.

151
.
New York Times
, December 17, 1952, p. 38.

152
.
New York Times
, November 22, 1952, p. 20.

153
. David,
Ike and Mamie
, p. 211.

154
. Helen Worden Erskine, “Call Me Mamie,”
Collier's
(October 4, 1952), p. 46.

155
. Photograph in
Life
(October 20, 1958), p. 60.

156
. “They Love Mamie in Augusta,”
McCall's
(September 1953), p. 32.

157
. Kutner, “Story of Mamie,” p. 46.

158
.
New York Times
, November 9, 1952, p. 64.

159
. Helen Worden, “The American Story of Mrs. Eisenhower,”
Coronet
(August 1951), p. 56.

160
.
New York Times
, March 15, 1959, p. 62.

161
. “How Would You Raise a First Lady?”
Better Homes and Gardens
(June 1955). p. 1.

162
. Obituary of Mrs. John S. Doud,
New York Times
, September 30, 1960, p. 27.

163
. “How Would You Raise a First Lady?” p. 178.

164
. West,
Upstairs at the White House
, pp. 129–130.

165
. Parks,
My Thirty Years
, p. 321.

166
.
New York Times
, November 2, 1979, p. 1.

167
. Lauris Norstad Interview, cited in Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower,
2 vols. (New York, 1983), vol. 1, p. 532.

168
. David,
Ike and Mamie
, p. 264.

169
. Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, vol. 1, pp. 74–75. For photographs of Mamie and her first-born, see Dwight D. Eisenhower,
In Review: Pictures I've Kept
(Garden City, 1969).

170
. Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, vol. 1, p. 104.

171
. Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, vol. 1, p. 439.

172
.
New York Times
, March 9, 1955, p. 17.

173
.
New York Times
, March 11, 1955, p. 6.

174
. “White House Duties Putting Strain on Mamie's Health,”
U.S. News and World Report
(March 25, 1955), p. 40.

175
.
New York Times
, September 25, 1955, p. 1.

176
.
New York Times
, March 1, 1956, p. 14.

177
.
New York Times
, August 7, 1957, p. 1.

178
. Lash,
Love
,
Eleanor
, p. 131.

179
. Mamie Eisenhower, “Vote for My Husband or for Governor Stevenson, But Please Vote,”
Good Housekeeping
(November 1952), p. 13.

180
. Esther Stineman,
American Political Women: Contemporary and Historical Profiles
(Littleton, Colorado, 1980),
passim
. On Nixon's speech, see
National Business Woman
(March 1957), p. 14.

181
. Rosalynn Carter,
First Lady from Plains
(Boston, 1984), p. 292.

1
.
Newsweek
(February 22, 1960), p, 29.

2
. Marilyn Bender, “The Woman Who Wins High Fashion's Vote Is Jacqueline,”
New York Times
, July 15, 1960, p. 17.

3
.
New York Times
, October 30, 1960, section VI, p. 10.

4
. Lester David,
The Lonely Lady of San Clemente
(New York, 1978), p. 117.

5
. David,
Lonely Lady
, p. 118, recounts a slightly different version, but the point is the same.

6
. John H. Davis,
The Bouviers: Portrait of an American Family
(New York, 1969), p. 307.

7
. Davis,
Bouviers
, p. 313.

8
.
New York Times
, November 23, 1960, p. 14.

9
. Letitia Baldrige,
Of Diamonds and Diplomats
(Boston, 1968), p. 162. The number is large for 1960 and included part-timers.