The Bang-Bang Club (39 page)
Read The Bang-Bang Club Online
Authors: Greg Marinovich
1910
Union of South Africa formed.
Union of South Africa formed.
1912
SANNC, later ANC, founded.
SANNC, later ANC, founded.
1913
Natives’ Land Act passed.
Natives’ Land Act passed.
1914
NP founded.
NP founded.
1920
Native Affairs Act creates separate administration for blacks living in Native Reserves.
Native Affairs Act creates separate administration for blacks living in Native Reserves.
1923
Natives (Urban Areas) Act extends segregation to towns.
Natives (Urban Areas) Act extends segregation to towns.
1925
Afrikaans becomes an official language alongside English.
Afrikaans becomes an official language alongside English.
1948
(Reunited) National Party (HNP) wins election.
(Reunited) National Party (HNP) wins election.
1949
Prohibition of mixed marriages.
Prohibition of mixed marriages.
1950
Population registration (to determine a person’s race), Immorality and Group Areas Acts; Suppression of Communism Act.
Population registration (to determine a person’s race), Immorality and Group Areas Acts; Suppression of Communism Act.
1951
Separate Representation of Voters Bill enacted.
Separate Representation of Voters Bill enacted.
1952
Native Laws Amendment Act, Abolition of Passes Act starts reference book (dompas) for Africans. ANC launched Defiance Campaign.
Native Laws Amendment Act, Abolition of Passes Act starts reference book (dompas) for Africans. ANC launched Defiance Campaign.
1953
Government wins election with mandate to remove coloureds from common voters’ roll in the Cape. Bantu Education Act passed. Reservation of Separate Amenities Act.
Government wins election with mandate to remove coloureds from common voters’ roll in the Cape. Bantu Education Act passed. Reservation of Separate Amenities Act.
1955
Forced removals from Johannesburg’s non-white Sofiatown suburb continues through to 1958 from other suburbs. Freedom Charter adopted.
Forced removals from Johannesburg’s non-white Sofiatown suburb continues through to 1958 from other suburbs. Freedom Charter adopted.
1956
Coloureds removed from common voters’ roll. Treason Trial of 156 anti-apartheid activists.
Coloureds removed from common voters’ roll. Treason Trial of 156 anti-apartheid activists.
1958
Hendrik Verwoerd becomes Prime Minister.
Hendrik Verwoerd becomes Prime Minister.
1959
PAC breaks away from ANC.
PAC breaks away from ANC.
1960
Anti Pass Law campaign; Sharpeville shootings. ANC and PAC banned, both set up military wings. State of Emergency declared. White referendum of forming a Republic.
Anti Pass Law campaign; Sharpeville shootings. ANC and PAC banned, both set up military wings. State of Emergency declared. White referendum of forming a Republic.
1961
Mandela proposes the adoption of an armed struggle.
Mandela proposes the adoption of an armed struggle.
1962
Mandela arrested.
Mandela arrested.
1966
Verwoerd assassinated in parliament, B.J. Vorster takes over.
Verwoerd assassinated in parliament, B.J. Vorster takes over.
1975-6
South Africa invades Angola, then withdraws, but SA continues to side with UNITA in civil war until 1989.
South Africa invades Angola, then withdraws, but SA continues to side with UNITA in civil war until 1989.
1976
Soweto riots. Many teenagers flee the country for military training. Internal Security Act passed.
Soweto riots. Many teenagers flee the country for military training. Internal Security Act passed.
1977
Seventeen organizations and two newspapers banned.
Seventeen organizations and two newspapers banned.
1978
P.W. Botha succeeds Vorster after he resigns over funding scandal.
P.W. Botha succeeds Vorster after he resigns over funding scandal.
1980
Zimbabwe wins independence. ANC breaks with Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Inkatha.
Zimbabwe wins independence. ANC breaks with Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Inkatha.
1984
Tricameral parliaments formed, no representation for blacks. Widespread rioting begins.
Tricameral parliaments formed, no representation for blacks. Widespread rioting begins.
1985
State of Emergency in 36 magisterial districts declared.
State of Emergency in 36 magisterial districts declared.
1986
Pass Laws abolished.
Pass Laws abolished.
1988
Seventeen anti-apartheid organizations banned, including UDF.
Seventeen anti-apartheid organizations banned, including UDF.
1989
P.W. Botha has stroke, resigns, succeeded by F.W. de Klerk. NP wins general election. Anti-apartheid demonstrations permitted in major cities.
P.W. Botha has stroke, resigns, succeeded by F.W. de Klerk. NP wins general election. Anti-apartheid demonstrations permitted in major cities.
1990
Mandela released from prison. ANC, PAC, SACP unbanned. Namibia gains independence. Separate Amenities Act repealed. Fighting between Inkatha and ANC spreads to the Transvaal. NP allows all races to join.
Mandela released from prison. ANC, PAC, SACP unbanned. Namibia gains independence. Separate Amenities Act repealed. Fighting between Inkatha and ANC spreads to the Transvaal. NP allows all races to join.
1991
National Peace accord signed. Talks on relinquishing white hold on power begin. Group Areas Act, Population Registration Act, Native Land and Trust Act repealed.
National Peace accord signed. Talks on relinquishing white hold on power begin. Group Areas Act, Population Registration Act, Native Land and Trust Act repealed.
1992
Forty-five people killed in Boipatong massacre.
Forty-five people killed in Boipatong massacre.
1993
Chris Hani assassinated by white right-winger. Election date announced.
Chris Hani assassinated by white right-winger. Election date announced.
1994
ANC wins first democratic election by massive majority. Homelands reincorporated.
ANC wins first democratic election by massive majority. Homelands reincorporated.
1998
October: Truth and Reconciliation report published.
October: Truth and Reconciliation report published.
2000
June: The New National Party (formerly the National Party) incorporated in the Democratic Party.
June: The New National Party (formerly the National Party) incorporated in the Democratic Party.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bauer, Charlotte,
Weekly Mail
(now
Mail & Guardian
). (1994)
Weekly Mail
(now
Mail & Guardian
). (1994)
Bradford, Jean,
A Dictionary of South African English
. (Oxford University Press Southern Africa, 1987)
A Dictionary of South African English
. (Oxford University Press Southern Africa, 1987)
Carter, Kevin,
Weekly Mail
(now
Mail & Guardian
). (1992)
Weekly Mail
(now
Mail & Guardian
). (1992)
Illustrated History of South Africa - The Real Story
. (The Reader’s Digest Association South Africa, 1992)
. (The Reader’s Digest Association South Africa, 1992)
Lorch, Donatella,
The New York Times
. (1993)
The New York Times
. (1993)
MacLeod, Scott,
Time Magazine
. (1994)
Time Magazine
. (1994)
Marchese, John,
Village Voice
. (1994)
Village Voice
. (1994)
Marinovich, Greg, ‘The Dead Zone: The Confined Space of Political Conflict, Tokoza Township’ in
Architecture, Apartheid and After
Hilton Judin & Ivan Vladislavic (editors). (NAI Publications, 1999)
Architecture, Apartheid and After
Hilton Judin & Ivan Vladislavic (editors). (NAI Publications, 1999)
Nichol, Mike,
The Invisible line: The Life and Photography of Ken Oosterbroek
. (Kwela Books in association with Random House, 1998)
The Invisible line: The Life and Photography of Ken Oosterbroek
. (Kwela Books in association with Random House, 1998)
Silva, Joao,
The Star
. (1992)
The Star
. (1992)
Squires, Carol,
American Photo Magazine
. (1994)
American Photo Magazine
. (1994)
The Star
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. (1998)
INDEX
Acholi funeral songs
Adams, Guy
Afghanistan
African National Congress (ANC)
aims to make townships ungovernable
allegiance to
and apartheid
armed wing
asks supporters to exercise restraint
the battle in Thokoza
and the Boipatong massacre
bombs military headquarters
in Bophuthatswana
Buthelezi breaks with
defence of the townships
demonization
and the elections
exiled leaders in Lusaka
failed coup in Bophuthatswana
the Freedom Charter
and freedom of the press
headquarters
and Inkatha
and Khalanyoni Hostel
national conference (Durban, 1991)
and the National Peacekeeping Force
non-racial
and the police
and Shariff’s death
and the Soweto stay-away
and the Tshabalala killing
tsotsis and
unbanned
and the United Democratic Movement
‘Vote Mandela’ banner
white state attempts to crush
Xhosas dominate the political leadership
Afrikaans
Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB)
Agence France Presse
AK-47 assault rifle
Alabiso, Vin
Alberton
courthouse
Alberton Record
Alberton Rotary Club
Alberts, Captain
Alexandra township, Johannesburg
Ali, Mohammed
amaButho (Zulu warrior groups)
American Photo Magazine
ANC
see
African National Congress
see
African National Congress
Angola
apartheid
and the ANC-led government
the birth of
defence in Bophuthatswana
and the elections
end of the regime
the homelands concept
language of
laws
paying for
the pleasures of
APLA
see
Azanian People’s Liberation Army
see
Azanian People’s Liberation Army
Armenia
Asahi Shimbun
newspaper
newspaper
asigibeli
Associated Press (AP)
Auguste, Marcie
AWB
see
Afrikaner Resistance Movement
see
Afrikaner Resistance Movement
Ayod, Sudan
Azanian People’s Liberation Army (APLA)
Azerbaijan
Bad Boys
Badsha, Omar
Baghdad
‘Bang-Bang Club’
Barberton
BaSotho soldiers
Battersby, John
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)
Bekkersdal township
Belgrade
Bernard, Gary
attempted suicide
background
commits suicide
drug abuse
effect of trauma
and the elections
joins
The Star
The Star
in Kathlehong
and Ken’s death
Ken’s funeral
and Ken’s inquest
Kevin borrows from
at Kevin’s funeral
and Kevin’s suicide
and Mitterand’s visit
in Mozambique
personal crisis
sensitivity
and Shariff’s death
street parties in Soweto
wins top South African press award
black-on-black violence
blanket men
Boer War (1899-1902)
Boers
Boipatong massacre
Bophuthatswana
and the ANC
failed coup
location
Mangope prohibits elections
Mangope refuses to relinquish
the military base
police
right-wing humiliation
the Sun City resort
Tswana people
unrest in
Bophuthatswana army
Bosman, Herman Charles: ‘Makapan’s Caves’ (in
Mafeking Road
)
Mafeking Road
)
Bosnia
Botha, P.W.
Bowen, Jeremy
boycotts
Braklaagte
Brauchli, David
Brixton police station
Bryson, Donna
Budapest
Buirski, Nancy
Buthelezi, Chief Mangosuthu
button-smokers
Camera Press
Canon
Cape Town
Carter, Jimmy
Carter, Kevin
appearance
arrested
becomes a news-photographer
belief that has been fired
and Boipatong massacre
in Bophuthatswana
childhood
commits suicide
covers the election for Agence France Presse
disc-jockeying
drug abuse
effect of trauma
and the elections
financial problems
funeral
goes AWOL from the military
joins Reuters
in Kathlehong
Kathy kicks him out
loss of the Mozambique film
love life
Mandela sworn in as president
the Mitterand assignment
the Mozambique assignment
and necklacing
personality
Pulitzer Prize
the radio scanner
relationship with Joao
sensitivity
and Shariff’s death
stalking vulture picture
stays with Judith
the Sudan trip
suicide attempt
talks to Nancy Lee about Ken
visits Greg in hospital
visits New York
Carter, Roma
Casspirs (armoured vehicles)
CBS
Celliers, Rob
Central Western Jabavu, Soweto
Chechnya
Chicken Farm, Soweto, a crucifixion in
Chisholm, Mark
Christian Science Monitor
Ciskei
Citizen
(racist daily)
(racist daily)
Clinton, Bill
Clinton, Hillary
CNN
Coetzee, Captain Dirk
Cohen, Tom
Coles, Dave
Colton, Jimmy
Columbia University
Comley, Robin
Communist Party
asks supporters to exercise restraint
unbanning of
coms
comtsotsis
Conservative Party
constitution
Croatia
Croats
Crown Mines
Cuban military instructors
dagga (marijuana)
Dai Roku Nippon Primary school, Arakawa Ward, Tokyo
Daley, Suzanne (
NYT
bureau chief)
NYT
bureau chief)
Daniszewski, John
Davidson, Kathy
De Klerk, F.W.
Dinka tribe
Distance
Dlomo, Sylvia
drive-by shootings
Drum
magazine
magazine
Durban
ANC national conference (1991)
Mkhize’s home
elections
Election Day (27 April 1994)
Emergency Regulations
European
newspaper
newspaper
Faas, Horst
Facey, Tim
Farrell, Denis
Foreman, George
Formaneck, Ingrid
Freedom Charter
Freedom Front
gold mines
Goldstone Commission
Gona, Zaïre
government security units
Greybe, Johann
guarantee system
Gubb, Louise
guerrilla training camps
Hadley, Rob
Hani, Chris
Hillbrow
homelands
captive labour pool in
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