The Tragedy of the Templars (50 page)

13
  Ibid., vol. 4, p. xi.

14
  Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 284.

15
  Ibid., pp. 171, 442.

16
  Hitti,
History of Syria
, p. 543f; Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 159f.

17
  Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 475.

18
  Frye, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Iran
, vol. 1, p. 122.

19
  Carl F. Petry, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Egypt
, vol. 1,
Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
, p. 83; Ye'or,
Islam and Dhimmitude
, pp. 62, 64.

20
  Kennedy,
The Court of the Caliphs
, p. 264 [240 in paperback].

21
  Hitti,
History of Syria
, p. 543f.; Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 473f; Kennedy,
The Court of the Caliphs
, p. 240.

22
  Ibid., p. 278 [254 in paperback].

23
  Eginhard,
Vie de Charlemagne
, Paris, 1923, chapter 16, p. 46, cited in Wilkinson,
Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades
, p. 12.

24
  Wilkinson,
Jerusalem Pilgrims
, p. 12; Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 288.

25
  Bernard the Monk's account of his travels is found in Wilkinson,
Jerusalem Pilgrims
, pp. 141–5.

26
  Kreutz,
Before the Normans
, p. 27.

27
  Davis,
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800
. Davis does not cover slavery before the sixteenth century, but he estimates that in the hundred years from 1580 to 1680 nearly a million white Christian Europeans were captured and sent as slaves to the Barbary Coast (i.e., the Maghreb, present-day Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya) – that is, about 8,500 each year. During his brief sojourn in Taranto Bernard the Monk claims to have seen nine thousand slaves awaiting shipment to Egypt and North Africa, suggesting that the slave trade was at least as active in the ninth century as in later centuries. Whatever the number, swathes of coastal Europe were depopulated by the Muslim raids, with devastating economic consequences: see Davis, p. 3f; also Kreutz,
Before the Normans
, p. 53.

28
  Wilkinson,
Jerusalem Pilgrims
, p. 142.

29
  Ibid., p. 142; Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 285.

30
  Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 483.

1
    Kennedy,
The Court of the Caliphs
, p. 269, which quotes from al-Tabari's
History
.

2
    Runciman,
The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth Century Byzantium
, p. 146.

3
    Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 326, footnote 100, citing Dhahabi's
Tarikh al-Islam
as the Arabic source.

4
    Ibid., p. 477: ‘The mistreatment of the Christian population, and especially the churches of Jerusalem, was what drove the Byzantines to recruit forces for a struggle of a decidedly religious nature – namely, to free Jerusalem of the Muslims in a sort of tenth-century crusade'.

5
    Vasiliev,
History of the Byzantine Empire
, vol. 1, p. 310, refers to a letter from John Tzimisces to the Armenian king Ashot III, preserved in the works of the Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa, which ‘shows that the Emperor, in aiming to achieve his final goal of freeing Jerusalem from the hands of the Muslims, undertook a real crusade'.

6
    Goitein,
A Mediterranean Society
, p. 403; Kennedy,
Court of the Caliphs
, p. 295; Glassé,
The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam
, p. 323.

1
    Lane-Poole,
A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages
, p. 101.

2
    Hitti,
History of Syria
, p. 572.

3
    Goitein,
A Mediterranean Society
, p. 403, quoting M. Gil, ‘The Sixty Years' War (969–1029)',
Shalem
, 3 (1981), p. 1–55 (in Hebrew, with English summary). See also Bosworth, ed.,
Historic Cities of the Islamic World
, p. 232, which describes the details as ‘revolting'.

4
    Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 336.

5
    Hitti,
History of Syria
, p. 588.

6
    In the units of measurement at the time, the cross had to weigh 5 rotls and be 1 cubit long.

7
    El-Leithy, ‘Coptic Culture and Conversion in Medieval Cairo'. Tamer el-Leithy is the nephew of the liberal Egyptian thinker Tarek Heggy.

8
    Gil,
A History of Palestine
, pp. 222, 376f.

9
    Yahya Ibn Said,
History
, cited in Wilkinson,
Jerusalem Pilgrims
, p. 14.

10
  Armstrong,
Jerusalem
, p. 259.

11
  Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, vol. 1, p. 35; Gil,
A History of Palestine
, pp. 376, 378.

12
  Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 480.

13
  Sir Hamilton A. R. Gibb, ‘The Caliphate and the Arab States', in Setton, ed.,
A History of the Crusades
, p. 90.

14
  The Koran, trans. Arberry. For Fatimid policy about Jerusalem, see Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 147, and S. D. Goitein and O. Grabar, ‘Jerusalem', in Bosworth, ed.,
Historic Cities of the Islamic World
p. 252.

15
  Landes,
Relics, Apocalypse, and the Deceits of History: Ademar of Chabannes, 989–1034
, p. 41. Also Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 379.

16
  Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 325.

17
  Cantor,
Civilisation of the Middle Ages
, pp. 364f.

18
  Cohn,
The Pursuit of the Millennium
, p. 76.

1
    Fulcher of Chartres, in Thatcher and McNeal, ed.,
A Source Book for Mediaeval History
, pp. 513–7.

1
    Lang,
The Armenians: A People in Exile
, p. 37, gives the figure as ‘about a million and a half'. On 23 January 2012 the French Senate followed the National Assembly in approving a bill which declares that between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians suffered genocide under the Ottoman Empire largely between 1915 and 1917, reported in
The Times
(24 January 2012), p. 26.

2
    Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
, vol. V, chapter LVII, p. 554.

3
    Norwich,
Byzantium: The Apogee
, pp. 342–3.

4
    Nizam al-Mulk in his
Book of Government
, quoted in Hillenbrand,
Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol
, p. 6.

5
    Vasiliev,
History of the Byzantine Empire
, vol. 1, p. 355, citing an anonymous chronicler collected in Constantine Sathas, ed.,
Bibliotheca Graeca Medii Aevi
, VII, 169, Paris 1872–94.

6
    Stoneman,
Across the Hellespont: A Literary Guide to Turkey
, p. 206, quoting from Aristakes Lastivertsi, whose
History of Armenia
, written at Constantinople from 1072 to 1079, relates the fall of the Bagratid kingdom of Armenia, the destruction of Ani and the victories of the Seljuk Turks.

7
    Annalist of Nieder-Altaich,
The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–65
, in
Annales Altahenses Maiores
, in Brundage, trans. and ed.,
The Crusades
.

8
    Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 487. Sources differ about the size of the 1064–6 German pilgrimage, the Annalist of Nieder-Altaich stating 12,000 and Gil referring to sources stating 7,000; Gil also says that ‘less than 2000' returned home safely.

9
    Bosworth, ed.,
Historic Cities of the Islamic World
, p. 233, and Richard,
The Crusades
, p. 14, are explicit that Atsiz massacred Muslims even in the Aqsa mosque.

10
  Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 416; Montefiore,
Jerusalem
, p. 202.

11
  Jacques-Paul Migne,
Patrologia Latina
, 148:329, in Thatcher and McNeal, ed.,
A Source Book for Mediaeval History
, pp. 512–3.

12
  Cantor,
Civilisation of the Middle Ages
, p. 246.

13
  Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
, vol. 5, chapter 57, p. 554.

14
  Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 50; Gil,
A History of Palestine
, pp. 488–9.

15
  Spuler,
The Muslim World
, p. 109.

16
  Gil,
A History of Palestine
, pp. 171–2, ‘As to the rural population [of Palestine], in the main it was still Christian on the eve of the Crusaders' conquest'; and ‘Jerusalem was certainly inhabited mainly by Christians during the entire period [of the Muslim occupation]'. Gil's sources include al-Arabi, Muqaddasi, and the Geniza documents.

17
  Ibn al-Arabi, quoted in Gil,
A History of Palestine
, p. 171.

1
    V. Vasilievsky, quoted in Vasiliev,
History of the Byzantine Empire
, vol. II, pp. 384, 386.

2
    Anna Comnena,
The Alexiad
, Book VIII, chapter V. For the nature of Alexius' contacts with the West, see Vasiliev,
History of the Byzantine Empire
, vol. II, pp. 386–88; Erdmann,
The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
, pp. 322–3, also p. 358.

3
    Somerville,
Urban II's Council of Piacenza
, p. 8.

4
    Bernold of Constance quoted in Somerville,
Urban II's Council of Piacenza
, pp. 54–5.

5
    Edgington,
Oxford Medieval Texts
, p. 5.

6
    Ibid., p. 7.

7
    Ibid., p. 5.

8
    Riley-Smith,
The First Crusaders
, pp. 55–6.

9
    Jotischky, ‘The Christians of Jerusalem', p. 57. As Jotischky explains in his article, the reliability of Albert of Aachen's account of Peter the Hermit's visit to Jerusalem has been disputed, but recent scholarly work argues for its fundamental accuracy. See also Norman Housley,
Contesting the Crusades
, Blackwell, Oxford 2006, p. 44.

10
  Chevedden, ‘The View of the Crusades', pp. 307–8.

11
  Fulcher of Chartres, in Thatcher and McNeal, ed.,
A Source Book for Mediaeval History
, pp. 513–7.

12
  Baldric of Dol in Krey,
The First Crusade
, pp. 33–6.

13
  Robert the Monk, in Munro,
Urban and the Crusaders
, pp. 5–8.

14
  Guibert de Nogent, in Krey,
The First Crusade
, pp. 36–40.

15
  Frankopan,
The First Crusade
, p. 11.

1
    Augustine,
City of God
, Book XIX, Chapter 7.

2
    Matthew 16:24. Urban's injunction to sew a cross on one's clothing was recorded in the chronicles of Robert the Monk and Guibert de Nogent, both of whom relied heavily on the
Gesta Francorum
, an earlier anonymous account.

3
   
Gesta Francorum
, in Krey,
The First Crusade
, p. 30.

4
    Erdmann,
The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
, p. 346.

5
    As the crow flies, the distance from the north shore of Lake Balkash in Kazakhstan to Jerusalem is 2,600 miles; from Paris to Jerusalem the distance is 2,300 miles. Likewise, the actual land route was longer for the Seljuks than it was for the crusaders. Moreover, the Seljuks started from somewhere farther north than Lake Balkash, while most of the crusaders set out from places nearer Palestine than Paris.

6
    Guibert de Nogent, cited in Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, volume I, p. 113.

7
    Simonsohn,
The Apostolic See and the Jews
, p. 13.

8
    Anna Comnena,
The Alexiad
, X, ix, 323.

9
    Fulcher of Chartres, in Krey,
The First Crusade
, pp. 119–20.

10
  Riley-Smith,
The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading
, p. 2.

11
  France,
Victory in the East
, pp. 286–7.

12
  Helen Nicholson, ‘Cannibalism during the Crusades': http:// www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/cannibalism.html.

13
  Bosworth, ed.,
Historic Cities of the Islamic World
p. 233.

14
  Boas,
Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades
, p. 9, has the population of Jerusalem during the Fatimid period as approaching 20,000; others estimate a population of between 20,000 and 30,000 in 1099, when the First Crusade approached the city. See Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of 1099', p. 74.

15
  Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of 1099', p. 18.

16
  Raymond of Aguilers, in Krey,
The First Crusade
, p. 261.

17
  Impoverished pilgrims who died at the Hospital in Jerusalem in the twelfth century were deposited in free charnel pits. At one, the Akeldama, the dead were dropped through holes in the roof, where ‘it was believed that the bodies decomposed within twenty-four hours with no smell'. Montefiore, p. 237, footnote.