When Everything Changed (63 page)

76
    In case anyone might: Davis,
Moving the Mountain,
41.

76
    Emanuel Celler of New York: Ibid., 42.

77
    Amid the hoots: Fern Ingersoll, “Former Congresswomen Look Back,” in
Women in Washington,
197.

77
    “I presume that if there had been”: Ibid.

77
    “In my judgment”: Ibid., 196.

78
    Green remembered a male: Ibid., 202.

78
    At one point, when she went: Ibid., 203.

78
    “For every discrimination”: Davis,
Moving the Mountain,
43.

79
    Ida Wells-Barnett, who had: Terborg-Penn,
African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote,
121–23.

79
    A half century later: Fry, “Conversations with Alice Paul,” 336–37.

79
    While all the black: Ingersoll, “Former Congresswomen Look Back,” 197.

80
    “We made it!”: Ibid., 197.

80
    Smith was another widow: The section on Margaret Chase Smith is based on Peggy Lamson’s
Few Are Chosen,
3–29, and Janann Sherman’s biography
No Place for a Woman.

81
    “You know, our amendment”: Davis,
Moving the Mountain,
45.

Representative Smith gave conflicting explanations for introducing the amendment. Alice Paul, who believed Smith was sincere, told historian Amelia Fry that Smith warned her his motives would be misconstrued and urged her to find someone else to lead the fight. The evidence seems to me to fall strongly on the side of ridicule and his desire to do mischief to the civil rights bill. Among those who disagree, Jo Freeman makes a thorough argument in her essay “How ‘Sex’ Got into Title VII.”

82
    The
Wall Street Journal
invited: Harrison,
On Account of Sex,
189.

82
    “Bunny problems indeed!”: “De-Sexing the Job Market,”
New York Times,
August 21, 1965, 20.

82
   
The New Republic,
a bastion: Harrison,
On Account of Sex,
188.

82
    Aileen Hernández, the only woman: Ibid., 187.

82
    “We walked in”: Roads, “Interview with Barbara ‘Dusty’ Roads.”

83
    Representative James Scheuer of New York: Davis,
Moving the Mountain,
21.

83
    “What are you running”: Ingersoll, “Former Congresswomen Look Back,” 199.

84
    “underground network of women”: Friedan,
It Changed My Life,
96.

84
    They “maneuvered me”: Friedan,
Life So Far,
165.

84
    The meeting, in Friedan’s: Cohen,
The Sisterhood,
133–35.

85
    Friedan remembered that “those five-dollar”: Friedan,
Life So Far,
175.

85
    Members joked: Davis,
Moving the Mountain,
56–58.

85
    “What do you call it”: Friedan,
It Changed My Life,
119.

86
    As soon as Jo: Jo Freeman, “On the Origins of the Women’s Liberation Movement from a Strictly Personal Perspective,” in
Gender and Family Issues in the Workplace,
178.

86
    Just finding NOW: Echols,
Daring to Be Bad,
74.

86
    Martha Griffiths, who had naturally: Tinker,
Women in Washington,
198.

86
    “With no money”: Friedan,
It Changed My Life,
121.

87
    “You have not heard”: Paterson,
Be Somebody,
152.

87
    “I must have relief”: Ibid., 176.

88
    In Orlando, Ida: Bird,
Born Female,
165.

88
    Lorena Weeks was 9: Unless otherwise noted, the story of Lorena Weeks’s suit is based on interviews with Weeks and her attorney, Sylvia Roberts.

89
    The head of her union: Herr,
Women, Power, and AT&T,
81.

5. WHAT HAPPENED?

Interview: Nora Ephron.

97
    And, as one nineteenth-century: Kaestle,
Pillars of the Republic,
123.

97
    “Experience in business”: Davies,
Woman’s Place Is at the Typewriter,
84.

97
   
“She’s making”:
“Rosie the Riveter,” song by Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb.

97
    The Office of War Information: Colman,
Rosie the Riveter,
51.

98
    two-thirds of those new: Chafe,
The American Woman,
253.

98
    “A Good Man”: “A Good Man Is Hard to Find—So They Hire Women,”
Time,
November 4, 1966.

98
    That year, President Johnson: Bird,
Born Female,
134–35.

99
    “Darling—you are”: Litoff and Smith,
Since You Went Away,
147.

100
    “Second, we must”: Bird,
Born Female,
135.

100
    During the war, the nation’s: Columbus Washboard Company in Logan, Ohio, company history.

100
    Half of American homes had: Cherlin,
Marriage,
35.

100
    Even in the best times: Chafe,
The Unfinished Journey.

100
    Family income, adjusted: Cherlin,
Marriage,
35.

101
    Over the ’70s and ’80s: Coontz,
The Way We Really Are,
126–27.

101
    In the 1970s wives who: Weiss,
To Have and to Hold,
69.

102
    “There is, perhaps, one”: “The Liberator,”
The Economist,
December 23, 1999.

102
    Young unmarried women: Goldin and Katz, “The Power of the Pill,” 730–70.

104
    It was, as the sociologist: Alice Rossi, “Equality Between the Sexes,” in
The Woman in America,
101.

104
    “We have given great offense”: Lerner,
The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina,
139.

6. CIVIL RIGHTS

Interviews: Josie Bass, Valerie Bradley, Suzan Johnson Cook, Emma Jordan, Joyce Ladner, Lucy Murray, Lenora Taitt-Magubane, Mary Helen Washington, Betty Riley Williams, Virginia Williams.

106
    Anderson had been blessed: Unless otherwise noted, this section is based on Allan Keiler’s
Marian Anderson: A Singer’s Journey,
and Anderson’s autobiography,
My Lord, What a Morning.

107
    “I don’t care if”: Freedman,
The Voice That Challenged a Nation,
57.

107
    Sol Hurok, called: William Honan, “Fresh Perspectives on the DAR’s Rebuff of Marian Anderson,”
New York Times,
May 18, 1993.

108
    “I felt like a dog”: Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters,
90.

109
    Parks, an old schoolmate: Mary Fair Burks, “Trailblazers: Women in the Montgomery Bus Boycott,” in
Women in the Civil Rights Movement,
71.

109
    Later, when her husband: Giddings,
When and Where I Enter,
265.

109
    “They’ve messed with the wrong”: Parks,
Rosa Parks,
133.

109
    “My God, look”: Ibid., 125.

110
    The Women’s Political Council: Robinson,
The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It.

110
    “True, we succeeded”: Burks, “Trailblazers,” 82.

110
    The following morning, Rosa: Rosa Parks, “Tired of Giving In,” in
Sisters in the Struggle,
65.

110
    While the ministers pressed: Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters,
122–23.

110
    E. D. Nixon of the NAACP: Raines,
My Soul Is Rested,
49.

110
    Later, when Parks’s lawyer: Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters,
123, and Robinson,
The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It,
136–37.

111
    “You have said enough”: Collier-Thomas and Franklin,
Sisters in the Struggle,
70.

111
    When Marian Anderson was interviewed: Marian Anderson, interviewed by Emily Kimbrough,
Ladies’ Home Journal,
September 1960.

111
    Looking for their perfect: Arsenault,
Freedom Riders,
11–19.

112
    Gwendolyn Robinson, a scholarship student: Lefever,
Undaunted by the Fight,
183–86.

113
    A young Marian Wright: Edelman,
Lanterns,
24.

113
    Students had a nine o’clock: Lefever,
Undaunted by the Fight,
16–17.

113
    Alice Walker lasted two years: Ibid., 168.

113
    When Diane Nash was nominated: Halberstam,
The Children,
144.

114
    The
Richmond News Leader,
an outspoken: Zinn,
SNCC,
27.

115
    “If anyone gets whupped”: Branch,
At Canaan’s Edge,
72.

115
    When the Nashville students: Halberstam,
The Children,
141.

116
    In February 1961 Lana Taylor: Zinn,
SNCC,
39.

116
    Smith was another Spelman student: Unless otherwise noted, this section is based on
Soon We Will Not Cry
by Cynthia Griggs Fleming.

116
    Ella Baker was well into middle age: Unless otherwise noted, this section is based on
Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement
by Barbara Ransby.

118
    Septima Clark, a venerable: Brown,
Ready from Within,
77–78.

118
    Septima Clark once referred: Payne,
I’ve Got the Light of Freedom,
76.

119
    Septima Clark felt the established: Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters,
222.

119
    Andrew Young, who was one: Ibid., 142.

119
    “Remember, we are not”: Zinn,
SNCC,
106.

120
    “People have to be made”: Payne,
I’ve Got the Light of Freedom,
93.

120
    “To our mind lunch-counter”: Ibid., 96.

120
    Baker wanted the students: Ransby,
Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement.

120
    “Where we lived”: Cantarow,
Moving the Mountain,
60.

120
    “There was terror”: Penny Patch, “Sweet Tea at Shoney’s,” in
Deep in Our Hearts,
140.

120
    Unita Blackwell, a former: Blackwell,
Barefootin’,
84.

121
    “How did I make a living?”: Cantarow,
Moving the Mountain,
73.

121
    One former SNCC member: Payne,
I’ve Got the Light of Freedom,
97.

122
    Elizabeth Jennings, a Manhattan: John Hewitt, “The Search for Elizabeth Jennings,”
New York History
71, 387–415.

122
    Pauli Murray was once barred: Murray,
Pauli Murray,
109.

123
    “Oh my God”: Arsenault,
Freedom Riders,
144–45.

123
    Warned that any new Riders: Ibid., 181.

123
    Susan Wilbur, 18: Ibid., 213–14.

124
    Years later, she would tell: Halberstam,
The Children,
329.

125
    When a local resident: Arsenault,
Freedom Riders,
335.

125
    Seeing Lenora enter a church: Lefever,
Undaunted by the Fight,
134.

126
    At the time the demonstrations: Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters,
195.

126
    But in Washington, a dying: Ibid., 194.