1536: The Year That Changed Henry VIII (29 page)

2
Including Elton, Starkey, Duffy and Haigh, see Haigh,
English Reformations
, p. 125.

3
For firm direction, see Bernard, ‘The Making’, 139 and Glyn Redworth, ‘Whatever happened to the English Reformation?’,
History Today
(October, 1987), 36; MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 178 and Andrew Pettegree, ‘Protestant English; Henry pushed, and history shoved, toward Reformation (book review of
The King’s Reformation Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church
)’,
The Weekly Standard
5.01.2006; for the
via media
, see Bernard, Redworth and Walker,
Persuasive Fictions,
p. 139; Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 304; Marshall,
Reformation England
, p. 25 and
Religious Identities
, p. 14.

4
MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, pp. 165, 162–63; Bernard, ‘The Making’, 322–23; LP, xi, 1110; Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 403; Henry’s Psalter is now in the British Library, MS Royal 2, AXVI; Walker, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 82; LP, xxi (ii), 634.

5
Shore, ‘Crisis’, 370; Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 248.

6
LP, xi, 780, 783; xii (i) 479; Greg Walker,
Writing
, pp. 339–40; Bernard, ‘The Tyranny of Henry VIII’, in
Authority and Consent in Tudor England: Essays Presented to C.S.L. Davies
ed. G.W. Bernard and S.J. Gunn (Aldershot, 2002), pp. 122–23; Bettey,
The Suppression
, pp. 70–85, 102–4; Hall,
Chronicle
, f. 237v; LP, xiv, (ii), 206, 272, 399.

7
Statutes,
31 Henry VIII, c.xiii.

8
Bernard,
The King’s Reformation
, pp. 525, 496; String, ‘Henry VIII’s Illuminated ‘Great Bible’,’
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
, 59 (1996), 315–324
;
John N. King,
Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in an Age of Religious Crisis
(Princeton, 1989), p. 70–74; Christopher Lloyd and Simon Thurley,
Henry VIII: Images of a Tudor King
(Oxford, 1990), p. 36; String,
Art and Communication in Henry VIII’s Reign
(Aldershot, 2008), pp. 54, 97; Walker, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 92; Haigh,
English Reformations
, p. 134; compare with Margaret Aston,
England’s Iconoclasts (Oxford, 1988), v. 1 Laws Against Images
, pp. 226–28; Marshall,
Reformation England
, p. 54; see also R. B. Merriman,
The Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell
2 vols (Oxford, 1902), ii, pp. 156–57.

9
Hall,
Chronicle
, f. 233v; Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v, p.234.

10
Statutes
, 31 Henry VIII, c.xiv; Ryrie,
The Gospel and Henry VIII,
pp.27–28, 31– 32; Hall,
Chronicle
, f. 234r; MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 175, in fact, suggests that the Act contained a few distinct compromises for evangelicals.

11
Lloyd,
Formularies of faith
, pp. 213–377, especially 263, 364–65, 375–77, 215–216.

12
Statutes
, 34 and 35 Henry VIII, c.i; Hall,
Chronicle,
f. 261v–262r.

13
LP, xvi, 106.

PART THREE – Chapter 13

Henry VIII’s Theology

1
See Lloyd,
Formularies of faith
, pp. 215–16; Felicity Heal,
Reformation in Britain and Ireland
(Oxford, 2003), p. 138.

2
Pamela Tudor–Craig, ‘Henry VIII and King David’,
Early Tudor England: Proceedings of the 1987 Harlaxton Symposium
ed. Daniel Williams (Woodbridge, 1989); Heal,
Reformation
, pp. 134; John Guy, ‘The Tudors: Henrician Reformation: An Agenda’, www.tudors.org; Marshall,
Religious Identities,
p.13; Richard Rex,
Henry VIII and the English Reformation
(Basingstoke, 1993), p. 24.

3
Burton,
Three Primers
, p. 441, 514; LP, xv, 345; xv, 411, 576; Brigden, ‘Popular disturbance and the fall of Thomas Cromwell and the reformers 1539–40’,
HJ
24.2 (1981), 257–278, here 264; Wriothesley,
Chronicle,
p. 114; Marshall,
Religious Identities
, p. 157; LP, xx (ii), 1030; MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 175; Bernard, ‘The Making’, 175.

4
Ryrie,
The Gospel and Henry VIII
, p. 23.

5
LP, xv, 345, 411; Bernard, ‘The Making’, 326.

6
Letter cited by Bernard, ‘The Making’, 327; Burton,
Three Primers
, p. 481; Tudor–Craig, ‘Henry VIII and King David’; Heal,
Reformation
, pp. 134, 150; Marshall,
Reformation England
, pp. 48, 26.

7
Heal,
Reformation
, p. 150; quote from January 1536 cited by Bernard, ‘The Making’, 331; Marshall, ‘Mumpsimus and Sumpsimus: The Intellectual Origins of a Henrician Bon Mot’,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
52 (2001), 512–20; Hall,
Chronicle
, ff. 243r–v; Thomas,
Pilgrim
(original letters are reprinted), p. 152; Haigh,
English Reformations,
p. 154.

PART THREE – Chapter 14

The Aftermath of the Reformation

1
Ryrie,
The Gospel and Henry VIII
, pp. 23–24; Barbara Diefendorf, ‘Prologue to a Massacre: Popular Unrest in Paris, 1557–72’,
American Historical Review
(1991.)

2
Winthrop S. Hudson,
The Cambridge Connection and the Elizabeth Settlement of 1559
(Durham, North Carolina, 1980), pp. 92, 136, 126–27, 98, 129; CSP Span 1558–67, 89, 29; William P. Haugaard,
Elizabeth and the English Reformation: The Struggle for a Stable Settlement of Religion
(Cambridge, 1968), pp. 140, 262, 107, 250, 200; Haigh,
Elizabeth I
(London and New York, 1988) 2
^nd
edn., pp. 34–35.

3
MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 178.

PART FOUR

Henry the Tyrant

1
The Oxford Book of Renaissance Verse 1509–1659
ed. David Norbook and H.R. Woudhuysen (London, 1992), pp. 527–28.

2
Sir Walter Raleigh,
History of the World
(London, 1614);
Statutes,
26 Henry VIII, c.xiii.

PART FOUR – Chapter 15

The Pilgrimage of Grace

1
LP, xi, 828 i and iii.

2
LP, xi, 569, 782, 826, 828; xii (i), 380; R.W. Hoyle, ‘Thomas Master’s Narrative of the Pilgrimage of Grace’,
Northern History
21 (1985), 70; Anthony Fletcher and Diarmaid MacCulloch,
Tudor Rebellions
(5
^th
edn. Harlow, 2004), p. 26; LP, xii (i), 201.

3
LP, xi, 533, 580; Fletcher and MacCulloch,
Rebellions
, pp. 27–28; Hoyle,
The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s
, (Oxford, 2001), pp. 102–118

4
LP, xi, 705.

5
Hoyle, ‘Master’s Narrative’, 64; Michael Bush,
The Pilgrimage of Grace: a Study of the Rebel Armies of October 1536
(Manchester, 1996), p. 119; ‘Aske’s Proclamation to the City of York, 15–16 October 1536’, reprinted in Hoyle,
The Pilgrimage,
pp. 456–7; LP, xi, 705, 761.

6
LP, xi, 826;
State Papers
, v.1, pp. 485–87.

7
Hoyle, ‘Master’s Narrative’, 72; Ethan Shagan, ‘Politics and the Pilgrimage of Grace Revisited’, in
Popular Politics and the English Reformation
(Cambridge, 2003), p. 98.

8
The terms can be extrapolated from LP, xi, 1271, xii (i), 98, 302, Shagan, ‘Politics’, pp. 112–114. See also the written pardon, reprinted in Bush and Bownes,
The Defeat,
pp. 415–17; Bernard,
The King’s Reformation,
pp. 349–52; Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 342.

9
Shagan, ‘Politics’, p. 90.

10
Shagan, ‘Politics’, p. 106; C.S.L. Davies, ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace Reconsidered’,
Past and Present
xli (1968), 57–60; LP, xi, 598, see also LP, xi, 569.

11
See Aske’s address to York in Hoyle,
The Pilgrimage
, p. 456; LP, xi, 780; Bernard,
The King’s Reformation,
pp. 297–299; Davies, ‘Popular Religion and the Pilgrimage of Grace’, in
Order and Disorder in Early Modern England
eds. Fletcher and John Stevenson (Cambridge, 1985), p.85; Shagan, ‘Politics’, p. 91.

12
Hoyle,
The Pilgrimage,
p. 456; Eamon Duffy,
The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England 1400–1580
(New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 238–48; Hall,
Chronicle,
ff. 228r–v; Hoyle, ‘Master’s Narrative’, 76; ‘The Pontefract articles’, reprinted in Hoyle,
The Pilgrimage
, pp. 46–3; Shagan, ‘Politics’, p. 105; Bateson, ‘Aske’s examination’, 565; This was, for example, affirmed in his intended proclamation to the rebels by Lancaster Herald (LP, xi, 826) and the pardon (Bush and Bownes,
The Defeat
, p. 415).

13
LP, xii (i), 6; Bateson (ed.), ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace’ (includes the text of ‘The manner of the taking of Robert Aske’)
EHR
v (1890), and ‘Aske’s examination’, 342, 558, also 559; Davies, ‘The Pilgrimage’, 66.

14
LP, xi, 576.

15
Bernard,
The King’s Reformation,
p. 372; LP, xi, 598, 816; Hall
Chronicle,
f.229v; Madeleine Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds,
The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536–7, And The Exeter Conspiracy 1538
(Cambridge, 1915), 2 vols, vol I, p. 137; LP, xi, 826; also Hall,
Chronicle,
f. 229v; LP, xi, 780, 783, 956.

16
LP, xi, 569, 783; Bernard,
The King’s Reformation,
p. 374; Bush and Bownes,
The Defeat
, p. 9 [citing LP, xi, 1224, 1227, 1228, 1232, 1239, 1251]; LP, xi, 1227, 1236.

17
Barnes,
Supplication unto the most gracious Prince, King Henry VIII
, cited by Allen,
Political Thought
, p. 127; Cox,
Cranmer
, p.188; Tyndale,
Obedience of a Christian Man
(1528), ed. R. Lovett (1888), p. 93; LP, xi, 1110, 1175.

18
Erasmus,
Education,
pp. 22, 28, 54; John Guy, ‘The rhetoric of counsel in early modern England’, in
Tudor Political Culture
ed. Dale Hoak (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 292–310; David Starkey, ‘The Court: Castiglione’s ideal and Tudor reality’,
Journal of Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 45
(1982), pp. 232–239, here 233; Walker,
Writing
, p. 8.

19
Cited by Bernard, ‘The Tyranny’, p. 113 (see LP, xiv (i), 402 and xiv (ii), 454); LP, xi, 841.

20
Bernard,
War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey and the Amicable Grant of 1525
(Brighton, 1986); Bernard and Hoyle, ‘The Instrument for the Levying of the Amicable Grant, March 1525’,
Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
68 (1994), 190–202.

21
Bush and Bownes,
The Defeat,
pp. i, 12–19, 73; LP, xi, 569, 956 where he boasted of armies of 100,000 and 50,000 men.

22
LP, xi, 1175, 1306;
State Papers,
v.1, pp. 523–24; Bernard,
The King’s Reformation,
p. 377; Hall,
Chronicle
, f. 231r; LP, xii (i), 43.

23
Bernard,
The King’s Reformation,
p. 378; Bush and Bownes,
The Defeat,
p. 36. This seems to me to jar with their other image of Henry as a humiliated king; LP, xii (ii), 133, 156.

24
Hoyle,
The Pilgrimage
, p. 366; LP, xi, 1410, xii (ii), 292.iii; Bernard,
The King’s Reformation,
p. 390.

25
LP, xi, 1410.

26
LP, xii (i), 43, 45, 136.

27
LP, xii (i), 98, 302; Bernard is insistent the pardon did not allow re–suppression; Bush and Bownes are equally adamant that it did; I think Shagan’s reading of the equivocality of the pardon explains the potential for different understandings exhibited by the Pilgrims and the king; LP, xi, 780, Dodds,
The Pilgrimage of Grace,
I, p. 137; LP, xii (i), 479.

28
LP, xii (ii), 498, 479, 156, 166, 229, xi (i), 846; Bush and Bownes,
The Defeat,
pp. 73, 314, 364, 365, 411–22; K.J. Kesselring,
Mercy and Authority in the Tudor State
(Cambridge, 2003), p.177.

29
LP, xi, 1271; Bush and Bownes,
The Defeat
, pp. 366–67; Greg Walker, Writing:
English Literature and the Henrician Reformation
(Oxford, 2005), pp. 339–40, Bernard, ‘The Tyranny of Henry VIII’, in
Authority and Consent in Tudor England: Essays Presented to C.S.L. Davies
ed. G. W. Bernard and S. J. Gunn (Aldershot, 2002), pp. 122–23.

30
Howarth,
Images of Rule
, p. 80; Foister,
Holbein in England
, p. 94, following Buck; Brooke and Crombie,
Henry VIII Revealed
, p. 29; Starkey, ‘Holbein and Henry VIII’,
Lost Faces,
pp. 49–50.

31
Howarth,
Images of Rule
, p. 82; String, ‘Projecting Masculinity’.

32
Adapted from a translation by Margot Eates, Strong;
Holbein,
p. 57.

33
Brooke and Crombie,
Henry VIII Revealed
, p. 32.

34
Hall,
Chronicle,
f. 244v; LP, xvi, 1130, 1131.

PART FOUR – Chapter 16