Happy Accidents: Serendipity in Major Medical Breakthroughs in the Twentieth Century (59 page)

targeted research and lack of, 181–182

serotonin, 18, 244–245, 275, 277, 279, 298

Serpasil, 274–275

sex hormones, 138–139

shark cartilage, 143

Sheskin, Jacob, 343

Shimkin, Michael, 176–177

shock treatment

electric, 250–251

insulin, 247–249

sildenafil citrate, 222–223

Sippy, Bertram W., 100

Sippy diet, 100

606, compound, 43–46

sleeping sickness, 35, 43

Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., 171–172

Sloan-Kettering Institute of Cancer Research, 172

soil microbiology, 82–83

Sones, F. Mason, Jr., 200–203, 206

Sontag, Susan, 181

Spiegelman, Sol, 174–175

spinal taps, 78

stagnant knowledge, 103

stains and staining techniques, 36–37, 40–41, 331

Stanley, Leo L., 221

St. Anthony's Fire, 296–297, 365

Starzl, Thomas, 22

Stehelin, Dominique, 344

stem cell research, 3, 165–168, 183

stent-grafts, 213, 352

Sternbach, Leo H., 281–283, 363

Stevens, Jay, 296

St. Mary's Hospital (London), 59–60

Stoll, Arthur, 287

Stoll, Werner, 290

stomach cancer, 111–112

streptococcus, 50–55

streptokinase, 235

streptomycin, 85–91

streptothricin, 84

stress, ulcers and, 100–101

string galvanometer, 190–191, 194

Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The
(Kuhn), 4

St. Vitus's Dance, 296

Styron, William, 360–361

sulfadiazine, 57

sulfa drugs, 50–57, 73, 329–330

sulfanilamide, 53–55

sulfapyridine, 56–57

surgery

bypass, 203

lobotomies, 252–259

microvascular, 204

postoperative infections and, 32

vascular, 208–214

Svoboda, Gordon, 133–134

sweet clover, 235–237

synesthesia, 292

synthetic dye industry, 48–55

syphilis, 42–47

Szent-Györgyi, Albert, 13, 307

Szmuness, Wolf, 96

Tagamet (cimetidine), 101

tamoxifen, 139

targeted drug therapy, 162–164

targeted research, 170–180, 302–303

Taxol, 177

Temin, Howard, 155–156

Terramycin, 88

tetanus, 61

tetracyclines, 88, 368

textile industry, 49

thalidomide, 151–153, 343

Thomas, Lewis, 69, 345–346

Thorazine, 241, 245, 258, 266–269, 291, 305

thyroxine, 3–4

Till, James, 165–168

Tillet, William, 235

TNP-470, 145

Tofranil, 291

tranquilizers, 18, 241, 245, 270–272, 281–283

Transactions
(journal), 326

transorbital lobotomies, 256–258

Tréfouël, Jacques, 53–54

Tréfouël, Thérèse, 53–54

tricyclic antidepressants, 277–278, 305

trypanosome infections, 44

tuberculosis, 36

cure for, 83–91

reemergence of, 91

scourge of, 86–87

tumors, 140–147, 152–153

p53 gene and, 160–161

viral cause of, 154–156

Tyndall, John, 332

typhoid fever, 59–60

tyramine, 362

tyrothricin, 84

ulcers, 306–307

gastric biopsies and, 102–104

H. pylori
and, 102–113

prevailing opinion on, 99–101

urease, 106

vaccines, 32–33

hepatitis A (HAV), 336

hepatitis B, 96

polio, 159–160

typhoid, 60

Valenstein, Elliot, 246

Valium (diazepam), 241, 245, 281–283, 291, 363

vancomycin, 88

Vane, John, 237–238

Vaniqa, 312

Varmus, Harold, 156–158, 344

vascular surgery, 208–214

Velcade, 344

Viagra, 222–224, 354

vinblastine, 132, 134

Vinca rosea
, 131–134

vincristine, 134

Vinculin, 131

Vinyon grafts, 212

Vioxx, 150

viruses

retroviruses, 155–158

spread of tumors and, 154–156

visual imagery, 15

vitamin C, 307

Vogelstein, Bert, 160–161

Voodoo Science
(Park), 12

Voorhees, Arthur B., Jr., 209–214

Waddell, William R., 149

Wagner von Jauregg, Julius, 246–247, 357

Waksman, Selman, 82–91

Waller, Augustus D., 188–189

Walpole, Horace, 6, 41

warfarin, 236–237, 356

war on cancer, 173–181

Warren, J. Robin, 102–103, 108–109, 113

Watanabe, Yoshio, 230

Watts, James, 255

Way of an Investigator, The
(Cannon), 7

Weinberg, Robert, 164

white blood cells, 59, 122, 127, 129, 132, 152, 165, 339

Wills, Lucy, 127

Wolff, Harold G., 101

wool sorter's disease, 33

World War I

bacterial infections during, 61–62

chemical warfare during, 338–339

World War II

Bari tragedy during, 117–126

penicillin and, 75–77

psychosomatic medicine and, 100–101

Wright, Almroth, 59–60, 61, 78, 330

X-rays, discovery of, xii

Yalow, Rosalyn, 19–20, 22, 306, 367

Yang, Chen Ning, 13–14

Zantac (ranitidine), 101

Zoloft (sertraline), 279

Zubrod, C. Gordon, 176

Zyklon B, 329

Table of Contents

Half Title

Title

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Preface

Introduction: Serendipity, Science's Well-Guarded Secret

Part I: The Dawn of a New Era: Infectious Diseases and Antibiotics, the Miracle Drugs

1. How Antony's Little Animals Led to the Development of Germ Theory

2. The New Science of Bacteriology

3. Good Chemistry

4. The Art of Dyeing

5. Mold, Glorious Mold

6. Pay Dirt

7. The Mysterious Protein from Down Under

8. “This Ulcer ‘Bugs’ Me!”

Part II: The Smell of Garlic Launches the War on Cancer

9. Tragedy at Bari

10. Antagonists to Cancer

11. Veni, Vidi, Vinca: The Healing Power of Periwinkle

12. A Heavy Metal Rocks: The Value of Platinum

13. Sex Hormones

14. Angiogenesis: The Birth of Blood Vessels

15. Aspirin Kills More than Pain

16. Thalidomide: From Tragedy to Hope

17. A Sick Chicken Leads to the Discovery of Cancer-Accelerating Genes

18. A Contaminated Vaccine Leads to Cancer-Braking Genes

19. From Where It All Stems

20. The Industrialization of Research and the War on Cancer

21. Lessons Learned

Part III: A Quivering Quartz String Penetrates the Mystery of the Heart

22. An Unexpected Phenomenon: It's Electric!

23. What a Catheter Can Do

24. “Dottering”

25. A Stitch in Time

26. The Nobel Committee Says Yes to NO

27. “It's Not You, Honey, It's NO”

28. What's Your Number?

29. Thinning the Blood

Part IV: The Flaw Lies in the Chemistry, Not the Character: Mood-Stabilizing Drugs, Antidepressants, and Other Psychotropics

30. It Began with a Dream

31. Mental Straitjackets: Shocking Approaches

32. Ice-Pick Psychiatry

33. Lithium

34. Thorazine

35. Your Town, My Town, Miltown!

36. Conquering the “Beast” of Depression

37. Librium and Valium

38. “That's Funny, I Have the Same Bug!”

39. LSD

Conclusion: Taking a Chance on Chance: Cultivating Serendipity 300

Acknowledgments

Notes

Selected Bibliography

Illustration Credits

Index