How the French Invented Love (44 page)

1.
Gabriel Girard, “Amour,” in ed. Gabriel Girard, Nicolas Beauzée, and Benoît Morin,
Dictionnaire universel des synonymes de la langue française: contenant les synonymes de Girard et ceux de Beauzée, Roubaud, Dalembert, Diderot
(Paris: Dabo, 1824), pp. 53–56.

2.
Rémond de Saint-Mard,
Lettres galantes et philosophiques
(Cologne: Pierre Marteau, 1721), p. 132.

3.
Edmond and Jules de Goncourt,
La femme au XVIIIe siècle
(Paris: Flammarion, 1982), p. 174. My translation.

4.
Abbé Prévost,
Manon Lescaut
, trans. Angela Scholar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 14. Subsequent citations from Prévost are from this translation.

5.
Claude-Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon,
The Wayward Head and Heart
, trans. Barbara Bray (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 5. Subsequent citations from Crébillon fils are from this translation.

6.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
Julie, or The New Eloise
, trans. Judith H. McDowell (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1968), part 1, XXIV, p. 68. Subsequent citations from Rousseau are from this translation.

7.
Choderlos de Laclos,
Dangerous Acquaintances
, trans. Richard Aldington (New York: New Directions, 1957), p. 160.

Chapter Five: Love Letters

1.
Julie de Lespinasse,
Lettres
, ed. Eugène Asse (Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, 1994), p. 91. Subsequent citations from Lespinasse, d’Alembert, and Guibert are my translations from this edition.

2.
For a fuller version of her life, see Duc de Castries,
Julie de Lespinasse: le drame d’un double amour
(Paris: Albin Michel, 1985). See also Marie-Christine d’Aragon and Jean Lacouture,
Julie de Lespinasse: Mourir d’amour
(Brussels: Editions Complexe, 2006).

3.
Cited by Aragon and Lacouture, pp. 128–129; from David Hume,
Private Correspondence of David Hume with Several Distinguished Persons, Between the Years 1761 and 1776
(London, Henry Colburn, 1820).

4.
Cited by Aragon and Lacouture, p. 132; from Voltaire,
Correspondance générale
(Paris: Garnier, 1877).

5.
Elisabeth Badinter,
Les passions intellectuelles
, vol. 2 (Paris: Fayard, 2002), pp. 17–20.

6.
Cited by Aragon and Lacouture, p. 299; from d’Alembert’s letter of June 29, 1776. Archives du Comte de Villeneuve-Guibert.

Chapter Six: Republican Love

1.
Marilyn Yalom,
Le temps des orages: aristocrates, bourgeoises, et paysannes racontent
(Paris: Maren Sell, 1989); Marilyn Yalom,
Blood Sisters: The French Revolution in Women’s Memory
(New York: Basic Books, 1993).

2.
Elisabeth Duplay Le Bas, “Manuscrit de Mme Le Bas” in
Autour de Robespierre. Le conventionnel Le Bas
, ed Stéfane-Pol (Paris: Flammarion, 1901), pp. 102–150. My translation.

3.
Madame Roland,
Mémoires de Madame Roland
, ed. Paul de Roux (Paris: Mercure de France, 1986). My translation.

4.
Marilyn Yalom,
A History of the Breast
(New York: Knopf, 1997), chap. 4.

Chapter Seven: Yearning for the Mother

1.
Benjamin Constant,
Adolphe
, trans. Margaret Mauldon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 31–39. All citations from
Adolphe
are from this editon.

2.
Marilyn Yalom, “Triangles and Prisons: A Psychological Study of Stendhalian Love,”
Hartford Studies in Literature
8, no. 2 (1976).

3.
Stendhal,
The Life of Henry Brulard
, trans. Jean Steward and B. C. J. G. Knight (New York: Minerva Press, 1968), p. 22.

4.
Stendhal,
Le rouge et le noir
(Paris: Michel Lévy, Frères, 1866), p. 85. My translation.

5.
Honoré de Balzac,
Le lys dans la vallée
(Paris: Classiques Garnier, 1966), p. 5. My translation.

6.
Sylvain Mimoun and Rica Etienne,
Sexe & sentiments après 40 ans
(Paris: Albin Michel, 2009), pp. 20–24.

Chapter Eight: Love Among the Romantics

1.
The translations from Lamartine’s poems are my own.

2.
George Sand,
Oeuvres autobiographiques
, ed. Georges Lubin (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), 2 vols. My translations. See also Sand,
Story of My Life: The Autobiography of George Sand. A Group Translation
, ed. Thelma Jurgrau (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1991).

3.
George Sand, “Lettre à Emile Regnault, 23 Janvier, 1832,”
Correspondance [de] George Sand
, vol. 2, ed. Georges Lubin (Paris: Garnier Frères, 1964–), p. 12. All subsequent references to Sand’s letters are from this multivolume correspondence.

4.
George Sand,
Indiana
, trans. Eleanor Hochman, preface Marilyn Yalom (New York: Signet Classic, Penguin Books, 1993). Subsequent citations are from this edition.

5.
George Sand,
Lélia
. Translated by Maria Espinosa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978).

6.
George Sand,
Journal intime
, in Lubin,
Oeuvres autobiographiques
, vol. 2, pp. 953–971; my translation. See also
The Intimate Journal
, trans. Marie Jenney Howe (Chicago: Cassandra Editions, 1977).

7.
Alfred de Musset,
La confession d’un enfant du siècle
(Paris: Classiques Garnier, 1960). My translation.

8.
E. O. Hellerstein et al., eds.,
Victorian Women: A Documentary Account of Women’s Lives in Nineteenth-Century England, France and the United States
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1981), pp. 254–255.

Chapter Nine: Romantic Love Deflated

1.
Gustave Flaubert,
Lettres à sa maîtresse
, vol. 3 (Rennes: La Part Commune, 2008), p. 425.

2.
Stendhal,
De l’amour
(Paris: Garnier Frères, 1959), pp. 8–9.

3.
Gustave Flaubert,
Madame Bovary
, trans. Lydia Davis (New York: Viking, 2010).

Chapter Ten: Love in the Gay Nineties

1.
Pierre Darblay,
Physiologie de l’amour: étude physique, historique, et anecdotique
(Pau: Imprimerie Administrative et Commerciale, 1889), p. 83.

2.
Roger Shattuck,
The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France, 1885 to World War I
(Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1961), p. 6.

3.
Edmond Rostand,
Cyrano de Bergerac
, ed. Leslie Ross Méras (New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1936). The most recent English translation is by Lowell Blair (New York: New American Library, 2003). All translations from
Cyrano
are my own.

Chapter Eleven: Love Between Men

1.
Jonathan Fryer,
André & Oscar: Gide, Wilde, and the Gay Art of Living
(London: Constable, 1997), p. 144.

2.
Michel de Montaigne,
The Complete Essays
, trans. M. A. Screech (London: Penguin Books, 1991), pp. 208–209, 211–212.

3.
Bryant T. Ragan Jr., “The Enlightenment Confronts Homosexuality,” in eds. Jeffrey Merrick and Bryant T. Ragan Jr.,
Homosexuality and Modern France
(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 8–29.

4.
Cited by Michael David Sibalis, “The Regulation of Male Homosexuality in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, 1789–1815,” in Merrick and Ragan, ibid., p. 81.

5.
Cited by Jacob Stockinger, “Homosexuality and the French Enlightenment,” in eds. George Stambolian and Elaine Marks,
Homosexualities in French Literature
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979), p. 168.

6.
Jean Delay,
The Youth of André Gide
, trans. June Guicharnaud (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press), 1963, p. 289.

7.
André Gide,
L’immoraliste
(Paris: Mercure de France, 1946). My translation. For an English version, see Gide,
The Immoralist
, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Knopf, 1970).

8.
Monique Nemer,
Corydon citoyen: essai sur André Gide et l’homosexualité
(Paris: Gallimard, 2006), p. 27.

9.
Cited by Wallace Fowlie in
André Gide: His Life and His Art
(New York: Macmillan, 1965), p. 168.

Chapter Twelve: Desire and Despair

1.
Marcel Proust,
Remembrance of Things Past
, vol. 1, trans. C. K. Scott Montcrief, Terence Kilmartin, and Andreas Mayor (New York: Vintage Books, 1982), p. 24. All Proust translations are from this magnificent three-volume edition.

2.
Nicolas Grimaldi,
Proust, les horreurs de l’amour
(Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2008).

3.
André Gide,
Journal, 1889–1939
, vol. 1 (Paris: Gallimard, 1951), pp. 691–692.

4.
I am indebted for this observation and others to William C. Carter,
Proust in Love
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 100.

5.
Gaëtan Picon,
Lecture de Proust
(Paris: Gallimard, 1995), p. 131.

6.
André Aciman, ed.,
The Proust Project
(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2004), p. x.

Chapter Thirteen: Lesbian Love

1.
Quoted by Tirz True Latimer in
Women Together/Women Apart: Portraits of Lesbian Paris
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), p. 42.

2.
Colette,
My Apprenticeships & Music-Hall Sidelights
(Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1967), p. 55.

3.
Ibid., p. 57.

4.
Colette,
Claudine at School,
trans. Antonia White (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1972), p. 16. Further citations are from this edition.

5.
Colette,
Claudine Married
, trans. Antonia White (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1960), pp. 93–94. Further citations are from this translation.

6.
Elaine Marks, “Lesbian Intertextuality,” in George Stambolian and Elaine Marks,
Homosexualities and French Literature
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979), p. 363.

7.
Le Cri de Paris
, December 2, 1906, cited in Colette,
Lettres à Missy
, ed. Samia Birdji and Frédéric Maget (Paris: Flammarion, 2009), p. 17. My translation.

8.
Quoted by Judith Thurman,
Secrets of the Flesh: A Life of Colette
(New York: Knopf, 1999), p. 136. Taken from Sido,
Lettres à sa fille
(Paris: des Femmes, 1984), p. 76.

9.
This and the following quotations from Colette’s letters are my translations from Birdji and Maget, eds.,
Lettres à Missy
.

10.
The Vagabond
, trans. Enid McLeod (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001), p. 126.

11.
Renate Stendhal, ed.,
Gertrude Stein in Words and Pictures
(Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1994), p. 156.

12.
Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas,
Baby Precious Always Shines
, ed. Kay Turner (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999).

13.
Violette Leduc,
La Bâtarde
, trans. Derek Coltman (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 1965), p. 348.

14.
Isabelle de Courtivron, “From Bastard to Pilgrim: Rites and Writing for Madame,” in Hélène Vivienne Wenzel, ed.,
Simone de Beauvoir: Witness to a Century
, Yale French Studies, no. 72 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987), p. 138.

15.
Deirdre Bair,
Simone de Beauvoir. A Biography
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), p. 505.

Chapter Fourteen: Existentialists in Love