The rule of empires : those who built them, those who endured them, and why they always fall (89 page)

13. Matthew Restall,
Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
(New York:

Oxford University Press, 2003), 3, 45–47.

14. Alfred Crosby,
Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History

(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 22–23; Kamen,
Empire
, 85.

15. Karen Spalding,
Huarochiri: An Andean Society under Inca and Spanish

Rule
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1984), 47.

16. John Parry and Robert Keith, eds.,
New Iberian World: A Documen-

tary History of the Discovery and Settlement of Latin America to the Early

17th Century
, vol. 2:
The Caribbean
(New York: Times Books, 1984), 310.

17. Quoted in Castro-Klaren, “ ‘May We Not Perish,’ ” 173.

18. Klaren,
Peru
, 84.

19. Kamen,
Empire
, 188; Gabai and Jacobs, “Peruvian Wealth and Spanish

Investments,” 668.

20. Quoted in Kamen,
Empire
, 155.

458 NOTES TO PAGES 137–57

21. D’Altroy,
Incas
, 280–83; Maria Rostworowski,
History of the Inca Realm
,

trans. Harry Iceland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 836.

22. Cieza de Leon,
Discovery and Conquest of Peru
, 188–91.

23. D’Altroy,
Incas
, 2.

24. Cieza de Leon,
Discovery and Conquest of Peru
, 256–57, 417.

25. Ibid., 213.

26. Quoted in Sabine Hyland,
The Jesuit and the Incas: The Extraordinary

Life of Padre Blas Valera
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003),

30.

27. Powers,
Women in the Crucible of Conquest
, 96, 162.

28. Parry and Keith,
New Iberian World
, 4:124.

29. Castro-Klaren, “ ‘May We Not Perish,’ ” 172.

30. Cieza de Leon,
Discovery and Conquest of Peru
, 408.

31. Ibid., 245.

32. Andrien,
Andean Worlds
, 78–79.

33. Cook,
Demographic Collapse
, 247.

34. Sabine MacCormack,
On the Wings of Time: Rome, the Incas, Spain, and

Peru
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), xv–xviii.

35. James Lockhart,
Spanish Peru, 1532–1560: A Social History
, 2nd ed.

(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994), 240.

36. Garcialaso de la Vega,
Royal Commentaries of the Incas: And General

History of Peru, Part Two
, trans. Harold Livermore (Austin: University of Texas

Press, 1966), 1475.

37. Father Pablo Joseph de Arriaga,
The Extirpation of Idolatry in Peru
,

trans. L. Clark Keating (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1968), 20.

38. Quoted in Kamen,
Empire
, 376.

39. Quoted in Peter Bakewell,
Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian Labor in

Potosí, 1545–1650
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984), 163.

40. Kamen,
Empire
, 286.

41. Spalding,
Huarochiri
, 165–67; Bakewell,
Miners of the Red Mountain
,

59; Andrien,
Andean Worlds
, 52; Gongora,
Studies in the Colonial History of

Spanish America
, 148.

42. Bakewell,
Miners of the Red Mountain
, 153; Stern,
Peru’s Indian Peoples

and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest
, 85; Enrique Tandeter,
Coercion and

Market: Silver Mining in Colonial Potosí, 1692–1826
, trans. Richard Warren

(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993), 3–4.

43. Karen Vieira Powers,
Women in the Crucible of Conquest: The Gendered

Genesis of Spanish American Society, 1500–1600
(Albuquerque: University of

New Mexico Press, 2005), 148.

44. Quoted in Stern,
Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish

Conquest
, 171.

45. Quoted in Castro-Klaren, “ ‘May We Not Perish,’ ” 175.

NOTES TO PAGES 157–83 459

46. Ward Stavig,
The World of Tupac Amaru: Confl ict, Community, and

Identity in Colonial Peru
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 28.

47. Cieza de Leon,
Discovery and Conquest of Peru
, 216.

48. Klaren,
Peru
, 75.

49. Scarlet O’Phelan Godoy,
Rebellions and Revolts in Eighteenth Century

Peru and Upper Peru
(Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 1985), 47.

50. Restall,
Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
, 129.

51. David Garrett, “ ‘His Majesty’s Most Loyal Vassals’: The Indian Nobility

and Tupac Amaru,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
84, 4 (2004): 600; Leon

Campbell, “Social Structure of the Tupac Amaru Army in Cuzco, 1780–81,”

Hispanic American Historical Review
61, 4 (1981): 691.

1. The peoples of the British Isles did not begin to identify themselves as

explicitly “British” until the late eighteenth century. Nevertheless, in the interests of simplicity this chapter will use the term to refer to the employees of

the East India Company who had been living and working in India since the

sixteenth century.

2. Radha Kumud Mookerj,
Indian Land-System: Ancient, Medieval, and

Modern (With Special Reference to Bengal)
(Alipore, India: West Bengal Government Press, 1958), 36; Farhat Hasan, “Indigenous Cooperation and the Birth of a

Colonial City: Calcutta, 1698–1750,”
Modern Asian Studies
26 (1992): 66–70.

3. Quoted in Abdul Majed Khan, “The Twilight of Mughal Bengal,” in

The Eighteenth Century in Indian History: Evolution or Revolution
, ed. P. J.

Marshall (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 362.

4. Anthony Wild,
The East India Company: Trade and Conquest from 1600

(New York: Lyons, 2000), 95–96.

5. Quoted in Nicholas Dirks,
The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation

of Imperial Britain
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 174.

6. Quoted in Mookerj,
Indian Land-System
, 59.

7. Quoted in Atis Dasgupta, “Variations in Perceptions of the Insurgent

Peasants of Bengal in the Late Eighteenth Century,”
Social Scientist
16 (1988):

31–32.

8. David Eltis,
The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas
(Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2000), 138–39; Bayly,
Imperial Meridian
, 76.

9. Bernard Cohn, “The Recruitment and Training of British Civil Servants

in India, 1600–1800,” in
An Anthropologist Among the Historians and Other

Essays
, ed. Bernard Cohn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 502.

10. T. O. Lloyd,
The British Empire, 1558–1995
, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1996), 14, 91; Philip Lawson,
The East India Company: A

History
(London: Longman, 1993), 44, 79.

460 NOTES TO PAGES 184–205

11. John Richards,
The Mughal Empire
(Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 1993), 1, 139.

12. Prakash,
European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India
, 155–60;

Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, “Cycles of Silver: Global Economic Unity

through the Mid-Eighteenth Century,”
Journal of World History
13 (2002): 400;

Richards,
Mughal Empire
, 198.

13. Khan, “Twilight of Mughal Bengal,” 367.

14. Bruce Lenman and Philip Lawson, “Robert Clive, the ‘Black Jagir,’ and

British Politics,”
Historical Journal
26 (1983): 812–14; Mookerji,
Indian Land-

System
, 37–39.

15. Wild,
East India Company
, 95.

16. Rajat Kanta Ray, “Indian Society and the Establishment of British

Supremacy, 1765–1818,” in Marshall,
Eighteenth Century
, 508.

17. Shubhra Chakrabarti, “Collaboration and Resistance: Bengal Merchants

and the English East India Company, 1757–1833,”
Studies in History
10 (1994):

107–8.

18. Quoted in Dirks,
Scandal of Empire
, 291–94.

19. Quoted in Huw Bowen, “Lord Clive and Speculation in East India Company Stock, 1766,”
Historical Journal
30 (1987): 907.

20. Marshall,
Bengal
, 89–90; Bowen, “Lord Clive and Speculation,” 916–18.

21. Ray,
Change in Bengal Agrarian Society
, 111–19; Bowen, “Lord Clive

and Speculation,” 916–18.

22. Susan Bayly,
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth

Century to the Modern Age
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999),

106.

23. Quoted in G. J. Bryant, “Asymmetric Warfare: The British Experience in

Eighteenth-Century India,”
Journal of Military History
68 (2004): 14.

24. Dirks,
Scandal of Empire
, 60–65, 71–74.

25. Quoted in Kathleen Wilson,
The Island Race: Englishness, Empire and

Gender in the Eighteenth Century
(London: Routledge, 2003), 50.

26. Quoted in Wild,
East India Company
, 73.

27. Edmund Burke,
On Empire, Liberty, and Reform: Speeches and Letters
,

ed. David Bromwich (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 311.

28. Samuel Foote,
The Nabob: A Comedy, in Three Acts
(London, 1778);

Marshall,
Problems of Empire
, 147–48.

29. Adam Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth

of Nations
, ed. Edwin Cannan (London: Methuen, 1904), retrieved October 20,

2007, www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN21.html.

30. Burke,
On Empire, Liberty, and Reform
, 297–98.

31. Dirks,
Scandal of Empire
, 191, 197.

32. Quoted in P. J. Marshall,
Problems of Empire: Britain and India,

1757–1813
(London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968), 118.

NOTES TO PAGES 205–38 461

33. Quoted in Ray, “Indian Society,” 519–20.

34. Quoted in Dirks,
Scandal of Empire
, 302; E. Daniel Potts, “Missionaries

and the Beginnings of the Secular State in India,” in
Essays in Indian History
,

ed. D. Williams and E. D. Potts (New York: Asia Publishing House, 1973), 123.

35. Thomas Babington Macaulay,
Macaulay: Prose and Poetry
, ed.

G. M. Young (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), 729.

36. Quoted in Sudipata Sen, “Colonial Aversions and Domestic Desires:

Blood, Race, Sex, and the Decline of Intimacy in Early British India,”
South Asia

24 (2001): 25.

37. Quoted in Michael Fischer, “Indian Political Representations in Britain

during the Transition to Colonialism,”
Modern Asian Studies
38 (2004): 672.

38. G. Subba Rao,
Indian Words in English: A Study in Indo-British Cul-

tural and Linguistic Relations
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), 20–25, 44.

39. Irfan Habib, “The Coming of 1857,”
Social Scientist
26 (1998): 8.

40. Rudrangshu Mukherjee, “ ‘Satan Let Loose upon Earth’: The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857,”
Past and Present
128 (1990): 104; Gautam

Bhadra, “Four Rebels of Eighteen-Fifty-Seven,” in
Selected Subaltern Studies
, ed.

Ranajit Guha and G. C. Spivak (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 151–53.

41. Quoted in Raffi Gregorian, “Unfi t for Service: British Law and Looting

in India in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,”
South Asia
13 (1990): 77.

1. Quoted in Stuart Woolf,
Napoleon’s Integration of Europe
(London:

Routledge, 1991), 229.

2. Quoted in M. G. Broers, “Noble Romans and Regenerated Citizens: The

Morality of Conscription in Napoleonic Italy, 1800–1814,”
War and Society
8

(2001): 251.

3. Napoleon I,
Napoleon on Napoleon: An Autobiography of the Emperor
,

ed. Somerset de Chair (London: Cassell, 1992), 39, 194.

4. Quoted in Stuart Woolf,
A History of Italy, 1700–1860: The Social Con-

straints of Political Change
(London: Methuen, 1979), 206.

5. This was after fi rst conquering northern Italy in 1797. Quoted in Desmond

Gregory,
Napoleon’s Italy
(Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,

2001), 42.

6. Michael Broers, “The Empire behind the Lines,”
History Today
48

(1998): 24.

7. Quoted in Susan Connor,
The Age of Napoleon
(Westport, CT: Greenwood

Press, 2004), 95.

8. Quoted in Woolf,
Napoleon’s Integration of Europe
, 130.

9. Christopher Duggan,
The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since

1796
(London: Allen Lane, 2007), 3.

462 NOTES TO PAGES 238–75

10. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” in
Napoleon

and Europe
, ed. Philip Dwyer (London: Pearson Education, 2001), 112.

11. Michael Broers,
The Napoleonic Empire in Italy, 1796–1814: Cultural

Imperialism in a European Context
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 228–29.

12. Quoted in Duggan,
Force of Destiny
, 31.

13. Quoted in Woolf,
Napoleon’s Integration of Europe
, 13.

14. Quoted in Geoffrey Best,
War and Society in Revolutionary Europe,

1770–1870
(Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1982), 82–83.