A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare'sThe Tempest

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VIKING
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First published in 2009 by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.

Copyright © Hobson Woodward, 2009

All rights reserved
Map by Jeffrey L. Ward
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA
Woodward, Hobson.
A brave vessel : the true tale of the castaways who rescued Jamestown
and inspired Shakespeare’s The tempest / Hobson Woodward.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.

eISBN : 978-1-101-06032-2

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O, I have suffered

with those that I saw suffer—a brave vessel (who had no doubt some noble creature in her) dashed all to pieces.

—Miranda,
The Tempest

PREFACE

To William Strachey the new play by William Shakespeare seemed oddly familiar. Watching
The Tempest
from a seat in the Blackfriars Theater on an autumn afternoon in 1611, Strachey was sure he recognized the luminous flight of the sprite Ariel about the masts of the
Tempest
ship. The scene was an eerie reminder of a rain-whipped night two years before, when St. Elmo’s fire appeared on the masts of the vessel on which he rode. Strachey had written a letter home that described a “little round light like a faint star, trembling and streaming along with a sparkling blaze half the height upon the mainmast.” Now here was Shakespeare’s character onstage, a shimmering sprite who told of illuminating the
Tempest
ship in the same way—“on the topmast, the yards and bowsprit would I flame distinctly.” The similarity seemed so strong, it was almost as if the playwright had read his letter and recast his very words as an enchanted idyll. As William Strachey would soon realize, William Shakespeare had done just that.

Most of the writings of William Strachey are long forgotten. Virtually all the sonnets and narratives he wrote between 1604 and 1612 met with indifference when he managed to put them in front of readers. His habit was to worry over every line, and his works were invariably labored—all of them, that is, but his tale of the sea voyage of 1609. Strachey told of the wreck of the
Sea Venture
, the flagship of a fleet carrying colonists to Jamestown in Virginia. That one account seizes the reader from the first sentence, carrying her through a drenching tempest, a shipwreck, and a harrowing adventure on an exotic isle. Perhaps not surprisingly, Strachey’s evocative narrative was written without much thought in a wilderness hut for an audience of one. The woman who received his letter lent it to others, and those readers gave it to their friends, until it was eventually passed along to William Shakespeare.

The greatest writer of the English language was a bit of a literary pickpocket. Shakespeare was a voracious reader and extracted language and ideas from contemporary and classical literature alike. Such homage to the works of others was not only tolerated in Jacobean England, it was expected, and Shakespeare was a master. In his supremely creative mind, merely good language was made both accessible and profound for readers of his time and those of ages far beyond his own. The ability to select and transform language was one of Shakespeare’s greatest gifts.

The use of William Strachey’s narrative of the wreck of the
Sea Venture
as the framework of
The Tempest
is a prime example of Shakespeare’s craft. In his nimble mind, the glow on the mast of the ship became the winsome Ariel. The enigmatic wild man Caliban was a descendant of a murderous sailor and Powhatan voyagers who were marooned with the English. Elements of the magician Prospero were developed out of Strachey’s portrait of the leader of the shipwrecked company. Good-hearted Gonzalo had a silver-haired counterpart in the admiral who rode the
Sea Venture
. There are small details—a berry drink Strachey drank was poured into Caliban’s cup, and a rock-dwelling bird the castaways stalked became the quarry of
Tempest
hunters. There are overarching themes, as well—the musings of Gonzalo about founding an ideal commonwealth on the
Tempest
isle are a crystallization of the contemporary debate about Britain’s colonial ambitions. Strachey provided a true story of colonial exploration; Shakespeare applied his art and re-created it as a New World masterpiece.

The pages that follow tell the story of that collaboration between William Strachey and William Shakespeare, a joint project of which Strachey was unaware until he returned from the New World to find the reworking of his story on the London stage. Strachey was obscure, and his counterpart was one of the most famous men of his time. One lived through a hurricane and shipwreck on an uninhabited island; the other remolded the story of the voyage as a tempestuous tale with universal appeal. This book tells the story of those two writers, and the sea storm, black plague, rivalries, murder, love, mutiny, and war they experienced before they wrote their intertwined tale.

 

I first encountered the story of the literary intersection of William Strachey and William Shakespeare while reading about the life of Pocahontas. The Englishman whom Pocahontas would marry, John Rolfe, was aboard the
Sea Venture
and spent ten months as a castaway on Bermuda with Strachey. The reference I came across was brief, saying only that Strachey’s narrative inspired Shakespeare’s play. I was captivated nonetheless, and so began to read everything I could find about the voyage and the play, and—especially—the links between the two.

My foray into Virginia and
Tempest
history took me across the Atlantic, where I visited the libraries of London and Oxford and stood on the Thames riverbank where Strachey’s ship departed for Jamestown. I saw Shakespeare’s work on the stage of the rebuilt Globe Theater and wandered the sites of his London haunts. In Bermuda I searched for beach glass in the cove where the castaways launched one of their homemade ships and visited museums and archives to examine artifacts from 1609. Back in America I went to the Historic Jamestowne Archaearium museum to see artifacts of the settlement and inspect the bones of Bermuda birds eaten by the colonists. Nearby I saw Shakespeare’s characters come alive again within the authentic walls of Virginia’s replica Blackfriars Playhouse.

What I discovered in my travels was the incredible tale of shipwreck that I tell on the pages that follow. My studies reanimated the battering of the
Sea Venture
and the survival of the voyagers on a mid-Atlantic island, one of the great sea stories of Atlantic history. I recount findings of my own, including new clues about the presence of the two Powhatans on the
Sea Venture
. Most often, though, I gathered together the detective work of numerous researchers who over the last two centuries have unraveled a fascinating array of the connections between that
Sea Venture
tale and Shakespeare’s
Tempest
. That remarkable web of correlations is revealed in the pages below. The men and women whose discoveries I report are credited in the endnotes that follow the text.

My goal in this book is to present for the first time the complete story of Strachey’s remarkable account and Shakespeare’s transformation of that narrative into his magical
Tempest
. The tale ends with the birth of a sprite, a monster, a magician, and a pair of chess-playing lovers. At its beginning is a true story of an aspiring writer who emerged from the shadow of a master to voyage to the New World, only to be overtaken by a wild tempest on a dark summer night in 1609.