A Counterfeiter's Paradise (52 page)

money supply regulated by, 5

power of, 197, 200, 214, 215, 237, 238–39, 249–50, 252

Second Bank of the United States, 130–32, 133, 141, 161–63, 165–68, 170, 176, 182, 238, 253

Treasury Department,
see
Treasury Department

Grant, Ulysses S., 234, 249

Great Depression, 253, 254

Greeley, Horace, 227

Greenhow, Rose O’Neal, 244

Green Mountains, 180, 181

habeas corpus, 214

Hagerstown Bank, 116

Haiti, 144

Hamilton, Alexander, 5, 104–5, 130, 161, 214, 216, 238, 249–50

hanging, 77

of Sullivan, 76–78, 79

Hanson, James, 135–40

hard currency, 17, 18, 87, 165, 185, 201, 215, 217, 236, 254

class system and, 25

debates on, 20–25

Franklin’s view of, 23–24

in Massachusetts, 17–22

value of, 22

see also
coins, coinage; precious metals

Harding, William W., 177

Harper’s Weekly,
227

Harrisburg, Pa., 149, 152

Harrisburg Chronicle,
151

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 181

Herndon, William Lewis, 191–92

Hiester, Joseph, 160–61

Hilton, Winthrop E., 226–27, 228, 229–33

conspiracy against, 230–32

Holliday, Robert, 204, 206

House of the Seven Gables, The
(Hawthorne), 181

Hoyer and Ludwig, 219

Hurlbut (counterfeiter), 50

Huston, Charles, 122, 124, 125

Hutchinson, Thomas, 17–22, 25, 31, 36, 52–53, 56, 79, 82, 86, 134, 168, 185, 254

Adams and, 134

Ide, Ichabod, 55–56

Île Royale, 19, 33

Illinois, 243

immigrants, 106, 161, 182, 194

Indiana, 132, 182, 243

Indians, 3, 31, 32–34, 57, 149

in Pennsylvania, 95, 96

surveyors and, 95

industrialization, 161, 193, 198, 234–35

inflation, 4, 5, 19, 80, 84, 111, 254

Confederate currency and, 225, 230

informants, 39, 246–47, 248, 249

insurance companies, 5, 170, 195

intaglio presses, 255

intelligence gathering, 241–45

see also
Secret Service

investors, 105–6, 132, 163, 201

Ireland, 26–27

Jackson, Andrew, 163–69, 179, 185, 193, 214, 216, 236, 238, 249

Chase and, 200

Kitchen Cabinet of, 165, 167

Specie Circular of, 168–69

Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,” 222

jails, 45

Jefferson, Thomas, 95, 105, 129, 170, 193, 216, 238

Jones, John Beauchamp, 223–24, 225

Keith, Alexander, Jr., 230

Killingly, Conn., 54

King George’s War, 19, 32–37

Kinton Knob, 138

labor:

immigration and, 194

money and, 22, 23, 24, 185

-laissez-faire, 165, 169, 179, 182, 194

Lake Geneva, 127

Lake Ontario, 97

land surveying, 95–97

Langdon, John, 86

Latin America, 3, 255

Law, Jonathan, 49, 52

Leathers, Frederick, 97

Lee, Robert E., 221–22, 239

Lee, William P., 220–21

legal tender, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 103, 107, 213–15, 216, 217, 236, 237

Legal Tender Act of 1862, 213–15, 216, 236, 237

Levi, Nathan, 209

Lewis, David, 6, 91–100, 107, 116–19, 120–30, 133–43, 146–60, 171, 179, 182, 195, 196, 207, 235, 252

aliases of, 116

in army, 100, 119, 157

arrest of (1812), 98–99, 106

arrest and imprisonment of (1816), 92–94, 118–19, 120–22, 124, 125–26

arrest and imprisonment of (1819), 137–40

arrest and imprisonment of (1820), 156

in Bedford, 94, 118–19, 120–26, 128, 137–40, 143, 146

Bellefonte posse and, 152–56

captures of, 137, 146, 155–56

in Chambersburg, 146, 149

childhood of, 97

“confession” of, 157–60, 164

conviction and sentencing of (1816), 125–26

death of, 156, 157

escapes of, 126, 137, 138–40, 141, 143, 146, 149, 150

fame of, 94, 123, 133–34, 140–43, 146

Findlay and, 129, 136, 146–49, 151–52, 158–60

as folk hero, 6, 133–34, 141–43, 151, 156, 159, 164, 247

horse bought by, 91–92, 118, 121, 122

imprisonment in Philadelphia, 126–30, 136

indictment of (1820), 143

Jackson compared with, 164

McClelland robbed by, 135–37, 141

McFarland and, 148–49, 152, 157–60, 164

newspaper stories on, 122–23, 136, 140–41, 146, 147, 149, 156

Noble and, 100–101, 107–16, 121, 123, 124, 125, 135, 153, 182

personality of, 94, 124–25, 128, 133, 156

persuasive talents of, 118

physical appearance of, 92, 94, 113, 140

posthumous celebrity of, 159–60

reward for capture of, 136

robbing spree of, 151–52, 156, 157, 159

Rodney’s confession and, 151

shooting of, 155, 156

Simmons and, 142–43

trial of (1816), 93, 94, 118–19, 121–26, 128, 137

widow helped by, 142

Lewis, Jane Dill, 96, 97, 108, 153–54

Lewis, Lewis, 94–97, 100

Lewis, Meriwether, 96, 162

Lewis, Thomas, 107–8, 109

Libby Prison, 204

Lincoln, Abraham, 2, 96, 180, 198, 199, 200, 202, 208, 221–22, 226, 231, 237

attempted kidnapping of body of, 1–2

Emancipation Proclamation of, 222, 226

National Currency Act signed by, 239

Second Confiscation Act signed by, 222

Little, John, 124–25

Louisbourg, 19, 33–37, 57, 61, 80

Lovejoy, Owen, 213

McCartney, Peter, 5–6

McClellan, George B., 242

McClellan, Thomas, 118

McClelland, John, 134–37, 141

McCurdy (criminal), 139, 141

McCurdy, John, 59

McDowell, Charles, 122–23, 124

McFarland, John, 148–49, 152

fake Lewis memoir published by, 157–60, 164

Jackson supported by, 164

McGuire, Felix, 151, 152

Madison, James, 105, 107, 130–31

Maine, 31

Maria Theresa, 32

Marshall, James W., 183–84

marshals, federal, 240–41, 246

Martin, Ebenezer, 57

Maryland, 116, 222

Massachusetts, 3, 4, 5, 16–22, 49, 254

Boston, 11, 12–14, 37, 45–46

boundary dispute between New Hampshire and, 56

hard currency in, 17–22

Hutchinson in, 17–22, 25, 31, 36, 52–53, 56, 79, 82, 134, 168, 254

paper currency in, 16–22, 31, 32, 36, 52–53, 79, 87, 102, 168, 251

Memminger, Christopher Gustavus, 201–2, 205, 216–21, 223–25, 231–32

Memphis, Tenn., 209

Mercer, John F., 86

Mermaid,
20

Merrimack River, 56–57, 58, 60, 69

-Mexican-American War, 184, 194

Mexico, 208

Michigan, 170

Miller, Michael, 113–14

Missouri, 243

“Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a -Paper-Currency, A” (Franklin), 22–23

Moffitt, Robert, 150

money:

labor and, 22, 23, 24, 185

value of, 22, 23, 24

see also
currency

monopolies, 165

Monroe, James, 162

Montpelier, Vt., 180, 181–82

Morgan, J. P., 252, 253

Munroe, Joseph, 54–55

Murray, Robert, 229, 231

National Bank Note Company of New York, 217

National Currency Act, 239

National Detective Police, 242–43

National Gazette,
167

-New-England Courant,
64

New Hampshire, 4, 56–57

boundary dispute between Massachusetts and, 56

counterfeit currency of, 12–14, 58, 64, 69

New Haven, Conn., 67, 68, 70, 73

New Jersey, 243

New Orleans, La., 217

Newport, R.I., 41, 69

newspapers, 115, 116, 147–48

New York, 48–49, 70, 74–75, 243, 245, 247, 248

counterfeit currency of, 47, 69

counterfeiting laws in, 74, 78

Dover, 46–48, 50, 70, 71

Dutchess County, 44, 45–50

Sullivan’s trial and execution in, 73–79

New York City, 182

banknote counterfeiting in, 196

banks in, 169, 192–93, 202

British capture of, 84

economy of, 75

industrialization of, 198

Panic of 1837 and, 169

Panic of 1857 and, 193

population of, 75, 196

unemployment in, 194

Wall Street in, 130, 182, 192, 193, 194, 200, 256–57

-New-York Gazette,
55, 76

New York Herald,
184

-New-York Mercury,
55

New York Stock & Exchange Board, 130

New York Times,
227, 231, 248

New York Tribune,
206, 227

New York World,
232

Niagara River, 97, 98, 99, 107

Nichols, Abigail, 67, 68

Nichols, Joseph, 67, 68

Nixon, Richard M., 254

Noble, Philander, 100–102, 106–16, 121, 123, 124, 125, 135, 153, 182

North American and United States Gazette,
176

North Korea, 255

Norwalk, Conn., 67, 68

Notes of a Voyage to California via Cape Horn, Together with Scenes in El Dorado, in the Years 1849–’50,
185–86, 234

Nova Scotia, 19, 32, 33, 61

Oblong area, 46–50, 51–52, 54, 66, 67, 69–71, 78, 245

Ogdensburg, N.Y., 109–10

Ohio, 132

Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, 193

Ohio River, 95

Old Capitol Prison, 243–45

Ontario, 98

Oregon, 170

orphans, 141

Osceola,
183, 185–87, 188

Pacific News,
190

Paine, Thomas, 86, 103, 110, 112, 254, 256

panics, 252

of 1819, 130, 132–33, 134, 140, 146, 160, 161, 164, 169, 182, 247

of 1837, 169

of 1857, 192, 193–95, 199

of 1907, 252, 253

panthers, 47

paper money, 3–5, 16, 79–87, 134, 185, 213, 215, 238, 240, 251–52

banknotes,
see
banknotes

class system and, 25

Confederate,
see
Confederate currency

Continental Congress’s printing of, 5, 82–84, 85, 176–77, 215

continentals, 82–84, 85, 103, 176–77, 179, 215, 240

creation of uniform national currency, 2, 213, 215, 236–40, 241, 249–50

crude quality of, 4

and Currency Act of 1751, 80

and Currency Act of 1764, 81

debates on, 5, 20–25, 86

engraving techniques for,
see
engraving techniques

Federal Reserve Notes, 254, 256

Franklin as advocate of, 22–24

Franklin’s design and printing of, 23, 64, 83, 255–56

French and Indian War and, 79, 80

future of, 256

-government-printed, as legal tender, 213–15, 216

government printing of, and Constitution, 214, 215

increase in amount of, 111, 195

increase in different types of, 115, 195

inflation and,
see
inflation

intangible nature of, 24–25, 86, 103, 213, 256–57

Jackson and, 164–65, 168, 185

legal tender status of, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 103, 107, 213–15, 216, 217, 236, 237

local trade facilitated by, 18, 23–24, 36, 45, 79, 161, 170

in Massachusetts, 16–22, 31, 32, 36, 52–53, 79, 87, 102, 168, 251

national, 213, 215

Paine’s view of, 86, 103, 110, 112, 254

in Pennsylvania, 23

precious metals and,
see
precious metals

profits made in exchanging, 116, 117–18

proliferation of different currencies, 5

regional money markets and, 52–53

religious arguments against, 24–25

in Rhode Island, 41, 69, 80, 102

as sacrosanct, 250

states’ printing of, 84, 87, 103

travelers’ exchanging of, 71

Treasury bonds and notes, 112, 200–201, 213, 215, 216

United States Notes, 213, 253–54

value of, 4–7, 19, 22, 24, 80, 83, 115–16, 171, 213, 240, 254

Washington on, 86

passers, 15–16, 50, 51, 55, 196, 206, 246, 247

soldiers as, 208

Pennsylvania, 23, 61, 91, 107–11, 115–17, 119, 144–45, 147, 160–61, 247

Bedford,
see
Bedford, Pa.

Bellefonte, 107–10, 111, 114, 116, 152–56

Chambersburg, 145–46, 149, 150, 151

colonization in, 95, 96

Pennsylvania (
cont.
)

Jackson and, 164

Lewis memoir and, 158–59, 158–59, 164

Philadelphia,
see
Philadelphia, Pa.

Pittsburgh, 113, 116, 140

Pennsylvania Agricultural and Manufacturing Bank, 145

Peoples, Jim, 92, 93

Pepperrell, William, 35

Peru, 255

Philadelphia, Pa., 91, 95, 103, 126, 133, 247

Centennial Exhibition in, 234–35, 250

industrialization of, 198

Lewis’s imprisonment in, 126–30, 136

Walnut Street Jail in, 127–29, 131, 136, 148

unemployment in, 130

Philadelphia Bank, 116, 117, 118

Philadelphia Inquirer,
176–77, 178, 179, 205, 211–12, 235

Pinkerton, Allan, 6, 242, 243

Pittsburgh, Pa., 113, 116, 140

Pittsburgh Gazette,
140–41

Plymouth, Vt., 101

Polk, James K., 184

Pope, John, 208–9, 210

Portuguese settlers, 3

precious metals, 130, 169, 170, 185, 240, 253–54, 256

banknotes and, 103, 106, 110, 111–12, 130, 131–32, 162

Confederate currency and, 202

gold,
see
gold

Jackson and, 164–65, 168

silver, 3, 4, 17, 19, 20–24, 36, 52, 80, 83, 86, 87, 103, 106, 110, 112, 130, 131, 168, 200, 202, 213–15

Treasury notes and, 201, 213

see also
coins, coinage

Pressley, B. C., 220, 223

Prevost, George, 98

printers, 15–16, 50

Printing House Square, 227, 229

Providence, R.I., 38–46, 69

Quebec, 17, 251

Queenston, 99

Raguet, Condy, 144–45

railroads, 5, 194, 195, 196

raised bills, 115