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Authors: William B. Irvine

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4.
Seneca, “On Anger,” II.14.

5.
Seneca, “On Anger,” II.22, III.31.

6.
Seneca, “On Anger,” II.25, III.35, II.25.

7.
Seneca, “On Anger,” III.28, III.27.

8.
Seneca, “On Anger,” III.33.

9.
Marcus, IV.32.

10.
Seneca, “On Anger,” III.26, III.13.

11.
Bodhi, 32, 69.

12.
Seneca, “On Anger,” III.42–43.

Fourteen
 

1.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 25.

2.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 23, 14.

3.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 50, 48.

4.
Marcus, XII.4, III.4, VIII.1, IV.18.

5.
Marcus, XI.13.

6.
Marcus, IV.33, IV.19, VI.18, VIII.44.

7.
Plutarch, “Cato the Younger,” VI.3.

Fifteen
 

1.
Irvine, 31–43.

2.
Seneca, “To Helvia,” X.6, X.10.

3.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 17.5.

4.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 12.

5.
Epictetus, “Discourses,” IV.ix.2–3.

6.
Musonius,
Sayings
, 50.

7.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 18A.5.

8.
No, I did not make this meal up; at the time of this writing, it could have been ordered at a famous restaurant in Beverly Hills.

9.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 18A.2–3, 18B.5.

10.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 18A.6, 18B.3.

11.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 19.5, 20.3.

12.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, XVI.8–9.

13.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, XC.19.

14.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 20.5, 20.7.

15.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, XC.16.

16.
Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” VIII.9, IX.2–3.

17.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, V.5.

18.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 33, 39.

19.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 24, 44.

20.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, CVIII.11.

21.
Lao Tzu, XXXIII.

22.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, V.5.

23.
Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” XXIII.1, XX.3, XXVI.1.

24.
Carus, 72–74.

Sixteen
 

1.
Tacitus, 16.21.

2.
Epictetus, “Discourses,” I.i.31–32.

3.
Seneca, “To Helvia,” V.6, VI.1, VI.4.

4.
Seneca, “To Helvia,” VIII.3, XI.5.

5.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 9.10.

6.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 9.2.

7.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 9.4.

8.
Diogenes Laertius, “Diogenes,” VI.49.

Seventeen
 

1.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, XII.4–6.

2.
Quoted in Plato,
Republic
, bk. 1.

3.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, XXVI.2.

4.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, XII.9.

5.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 17.3.

Eighteen
 

1.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 17.4.

2.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 17.4.

3.
Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” XIV.4–10.

4.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, XXVI.6.

5.
Diogenes Laertius, “Zeno,” VII.28, 31; Diogenes Laertius, “Cleanthes,” VII.176.

6.
Musonius,
Sayings
, 28, 35.

7.
Musonius,
Sayings
, 29.

Nineteen
 

1.
Musonius,
Lectures
, 7.1–2.

2.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 22.

3.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 46.

4.
Marcus, IV.49.

5.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, CXXIII.3.

6.
Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” II.4.

7.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 51.

Twenty
 

1.
Lecky, 249.

2.
Lecky, 255.

3.
Clarke, 133.

4.
Marcus, VII.31.

5.
Descartes, 16–17.

6.
Quoted in Richardson, 4.

7.
Richardson, 4.

8.
Thoreau, 172.

9.
Quoted in Richardson, 4.

10.
Richardson, 1.

11.
Nussbaum, 4.

12.
Sommers and Satel, 180.

13.
Furedi, 19.

14.
Furedi, 19.

15.
Furedi, 16.

16.
Sommers and Satel, 136.

17.
Sommers and Satel, 133–34.

18.
Quoted in Sommers and Satel, 133.

19.
Sommers and Satel, 134.

20.
Sommers and Satel, 7.

21.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, LXXVIII.14.

Twenty-One
 

1.
Jeffreys, 9–10, 12.

2.
Jeffreys, 15, 17–18, 39, 230.

3.
Hadot, 83n. 18.

4.
Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” III.2.

Twenty-Two
 

1.
Seneca, “On Anger,” II.32.

2.
Seneca, “On Anger,” III.33.

3.
Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” XV.3.

4.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 48.

5.
Epictetus,
Handbook
, 34.

6.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, LXXVIII.14.

7.
Veyne, 112.

8.
Seneca, “On Firmness,” IX.4.

9.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, XXVI.5.

10.
Seneca,
Ad Lucilium
, XII.4–5.

11.
Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” I.8–9.

12.
Marcus, VII.2.

Works Cited

Arnold, Edward Vernon.
Roman Stoicism
. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1911.

Becker, Lawrence C.
A New Stoicism
. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.

Birley, Anthony.
Marcus Aurelius: A Biography
. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

Bodhi, Bhikkhu.
The Noble Eightfold Path: Way to the End of Suffering
. Seattle: BPS Pariyatti Editions, 2000.

Carus, Paul.
The Gospel of Buddha
. La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1915.

Cassius Dio Cocceanus.
Dio’s Roman History
. Vol. 9. Translated by Earnest Cary. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927.

Cicero.
Tusculan Disputations
. Translated by J. E. King. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927.

Clarke, M. L.
The Roman Mind: Studies in the History of Thought from Cicero to Marcus Aurelius
. New York: Norton, 1968.

Cornford, Francis Macdonald.
Before and after Socrates
. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1962.

Descartes, René.
Discourse on Method
. Translated by Laurence J. Lafleur. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950.

Dio Chrysostom. “The Eighth Discourse: Diogenes or On Virtue.” In
Dio Chrysostom
. Vol. 1. Translated by J. W. Cohoon. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961.

———. “The Sixth Discourse: Diogenes, or on Tyranny.” In
Dio Chrysostom
. Vol. 1. Translated by J. W. Cohoon. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961.

Diogenes Laertius. “Antisthenes.” In
Lives of Eminent Philosophers
. Vol. 2. Translated by R. D. Hicks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.

———. “Cleanthes.” In
Lives of Eminent Philosophers
. Vol. 2. Translated by R. D. Hicks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.

———. “Crates.” In
Lives of Eminent Philosophers
. Vol. 2. Translated by R. D. Hicks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.

———. “Diogenes.”
In Lives of Eminent Philosophers
. Vol. 2. Translated by R. D. Hicks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.

———. “Prologue.” In
Lives of Eminent Philosophers
. Vol. 1. Translated by R. D. Hicks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.

———. “Zeno.” In
Lives of Eminent Philosophers
. Vol. 2. Translated by R. D. Hicks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.

Epictetus. “Discourses.” In
Epictetus: The Discourses as Reported by Arrian, the Manual, and Fragments
. 2 vols. Translated by W. A. Oldfather. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.

———.
Handbook of Epictetus
. Translated by Nicholas White. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983.

Epicurus. “Fragments: Remains Assigned to Certain Books.” In
The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers
. Edited by Whitney J. Oates. New York: Modern Library, 1940.

Frederick, Shane, and George Loewenstein. “Hedonic Adaptation.” In
Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology
. Edited by Daniel Kahneman, Ed Diener, and Norbert Schwarz. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999.

Furedi, Frank.
Therapy Culture: Cultivating Vulnerability in an Uncertain Age
. London: Routledge, 2004.

Hadot, Pierre.
Philosophy as a Way of Life
. Edited by Arnold I. Davidson. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1995.

Irvine, William B.
On Desire: Why We Want What We Want
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Jeffreys, Diarmuid.
Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug
. New York: Bloomsbury, 2004.

Johnson, Samuel.
Johnson’s Dictionary: A Modern Selection
. Edited by E. L. McAdam Jr. and George Milne. New York: Pantheon, 1963.

Julius Capitolinus. “Marcus Antoninus: The Philosopher.” In
Scriptores Historiae Augustae
. Vol. 1. Translated by David Magie. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1921.

Kekes, John.
Moral Wisdom and Good Lives
. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995.

Lao Tzu.
Tao Te Ching
. Translated by D. C. Lau. New York: Penguin, 1963.

Lecky, William Edward Hartpole.
History of European Morals: From Augustus to Charlemagne
. New York: George Braziller, 1955.

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