A Planet of Viruses (14 page)

Ho, David,
59

horses, papillomavirus in,
27

host cells: alteration of by viruses,
25
–
26
,
45
; cancer and,
48
; picture of,
32
; production of viruses and,
5
,
10
–
11
,
13
,
18
,
26
–
27
,
44
,
48

human immunodeficiency viruses.
See
HIV

human papillomavirus: cervical cancer and,
25
–
26
; evolution of,
30
; global distribution of,
66
; history of,
27
–
29
; horned rabbits and,
23
–
25
; incidence of,
28
–
29
; picture of,
22
; reproduction of,
25
–
27
; vaccine for,
29
–
30

hunting, testing for viruses and,
73
–
74
,
77
–
78

immune system: avian leukosis,
49
; common cold and,
11
,
13
; influenza and,
16
–
17
; West Nile virus and,
67
–
68
.
See also specific immune disorders
, vaccinations

influenza: death toll of,
15
–
16
,
75
; etymology of word and,
15
; evolution of,
17
–
20
; genome of,
91
; manufactured,
85
; migration and,
66
; natural history of,
15
,
17
–
19
; picture of,
14
; secondary infections and,
16
; transmission of,
16
,
18
,
19
–
20
; vaccines and,
20
.
See also specific strains of

Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme,
85

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses,
92

Israel, West Nile virus in,
68

jackalope,
23
–
24
,
30
,
48

Jenner, Edward,
83
–
84

Joseph I (emperor of Austria),
82

Katzourakis, Aris,
50

Kruse, Walter,
10

La Scola, Bernard,
90
–
91
,
92

lentiviruses,
58

leukocytes, avian.
See
avian leukosis

Lewis, Sinclair,
36

life, origins of,
93

Lipkin, Ian,
12
,
66

L’Oreal,
36

Los Alamos National Laboratory,
59

Lu, Tim,
38
–
39

Luria, Salvador,
38

Lwoff, Andre,
92

Mackay, Ian,
12

Malaysia, avian leukosis and,
49

marine viruses,
41
–
45

Marx, Preston,
58

Mary II (queen of England),
82

Mayer, Adolph,
3
–
4

McNamara, Tracey,
65
–
66

Merck (pharmaceutical company), HIV vaccine and,
61

Mexico: Cave of Crystals in,
1
–
2
; swine flu and,
19
–
20

microbes, as geoengineers,
43

migration: human papillomavirus and,
27
,
66
; Old and New World and,
66
–
67
,
68
–
69
,
82
–
83
; West Nile virus and,
66
–
67
,
68

mimiviruses,
88
,
89
–
94

monkeys, testing for viruses and,
73
–
74
,
77

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Re
port
,
55
–
56

mosquitoes, West Nile virus and,
67
–
68
,
69

mutations: APOBEC
₃
protein and,
52
; drug resistance and,
38
; HIV and,
61
–
62
; HPV and,
29
–
30
; influenza and,
17
,
19
; retroviruses and,
50
,
51
; rhinoviruses and,
12
–
13
; viruses hobbled by,
44
,
50

Native Americans, migration and disease and,
66
,
82

Nelmes, Sarah,
83
–
84

Netherlands, tobacco mosaic disease in,
3

Nipah virus,
77

Nobel Prize,
24
,
25

Noe, Arvid,
58

oceans, continuum of life and,
93

Outbreak
(film),
74

parasites, retroviruses as,
52

Peiris, Malik,
76

Peter II (czar of Russia),
82

Phoenix virus,
51
,
52

pigs, influenza and,
19
–
20

Pneumocystic jiroveci
,
55
–
56

pneumonia: emergence of HIV and,
55
–
56
; mimiviruses and,
89
–
90
,
91

polio, manufactured,
87

poverty, HIV treatment and,
61

Proctor, Lita,
41
–
42
,
43

rabbits, viruses and cancer in,
23
–
25

reproduction, of human papillomavirus,
25
–
27

resh
,
9
,
11

retroviruses,
48
–
52
.
See also
avian leukosis; HIV

rhinovirus,
8
,
10
,
12
,
13
.
See also
common cold

RNA: origins of life and,
93
–
94
; virus genomes and,
91

Romania, West Nile virus in,
68

Rous, Francis,
24

Rowbotham, Timothy,
89
–
90

Sargasso Sea, quantity of viruses in,
42

SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome),
76
–
77

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
See
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

Shigella
bacteria,
35
–
36
,
37

Shope, Richard,
24

Sieburth, John,
42

SIVcpz,
74
–
75

smallpox,
66
,
82
–
87
; picture of,
80

Soverow, Jonathan,
69

Soviet Union: bacteriophage research in,
37
; smallpox eradication and,
86

spillover hosts,
75
,
76

Suttle, Curtis,
2

swine flu,
19
–
20

Synechococcus
,
45

tobacco mosaic disease,
3
–
4
; picture of virus,
xii

“Tree Man,”
24
–
25
,
27

28 Days Later
(film),
74

Uganda, HIV and,
60
–
61

United States: HIV in,
57
,
60
–
61
,
66
,
81
; HPV vaccines in,
29
; influenza in,
16
,
18
–
19
; smallpox eradication and,
86
; West Nile virus in,
66
,
68
–
69

vaccinations: controversy over,
29
; demand for and delivery of,
84
; global differences in programs of,
81
–
82
; human papillomavirus and,
29
–
30
; influenza and,
20
; variolation and,
83

variolation,
83

vector-borne viruses, West Nile virus and,
68

Vibrio
,
43
,
45

viral factories,
92

ViroChip,
76

virology, youth of as science,
2
–
3
,
5
–
6

viruses: as contagious living fluid,
4
; hosts and,
5
–
6
; as living versus
nonliving,
91
–
93
; meaning of word,
3
,
4
,
94
; origins of life and,
91
; scope of,
33
–
34
; size of,
4
–
5
; varied locations of,
1
–
3
.
See also specific viruses

Weiss, Robin,
48
–
49

West Nile virus,
64
–
69

white blood cells: avian leukosis and,
54
;HIV and,
54