Absolute Monarchs (66 page)
| Hadrian IV | Nicholas Breakspear | 1154–1159 |
| | | |
| XII. Alexander III and Frederick Barbarossa | ||
| Alexander III | Orlando Bandinelli | 1159–1181 |
| Victor IV ( antipope ) | Ottaviano of Monticelli | 1159–1164 |
| Paschal III ( antipope ) | Guido of Crema | 1164–1168 |
| Callixtus III ( antipope ) | Giovanni of Struma | 1168–1178 |
| Innocent III ( antipope ) | Lando of Sezze | 1179–1180 |
| Lucius III | Ubaldo Allucingoli | 1181–1185 |
| Urban III | Uberto Crivelli | 1185–1187 |
| Gregory VIII | Alberto di Morra | 1187 |
| | | |
| XIII. Innocent III | ||
| Clement III | Paulo Scolari | 1187–1191 |
| Celestine III | Giacinto Boboni | 1191–1198 |
| Innocent III | Lotario di Segni | 1198–1216 |
| | | |
| XIV. The End of the Hohenstaufen | ||
| Honorius III | Cencio Savelli | 1216–1227 |
| Gregory IX | Ugolino of Ostia | 1227–1241 |
| Celestine IV | Goffredo da Castiglione | 1241 |
| Innocent IV | Sinibaldo dei Fieschi | 1243–1254 |
| Alexander VI | Rainaldo dei Conti di Segni | 1254–1261 |
| Urban IV | Jacques Pantaléon | 1261–1264 |
| Clement IV | Guy Foulques | 1265–1268 |
| Gregory X | Tedaldo Visconti | 1271–1276 |
| Innocent V | Pierre of Tarantaise | 1276 |
| Hadrian V | Ottobono Fieschi | 1276 |
| John XXI | Pedro Juliano | 1276–1277 |
| Nicholas III | Giovanni Gaetano Orsini | 1277–1280 |
| Martin IV | Simon de Brie | 1281–1285 |
| Honorius IV | Giacomo Savelli | 1285–1287 |
| Nicholas IV | Girolamo Masci | 1288–1292 |
| Celestine V | Pietro del Morrone | 1294 |
| Boniface VIII | Benedetto Caetani | 1294–1303 |
| | | |
| XV. Avignon | ||
| Benedict XI | Niccolò Baccasino | 1303–1304 |
| Clement V | Bertrand de Got | 1305–1314 |
| John XXII | Jacques Duèse | 1316–1334 |
| Nicholas V ( antipope ) | Pietro Rainalducci | 1328–1330 |
| Benedict XII | Jacques Fournier | 1334–1342 |
| Clement VI | Pierre Roger | 1342–1352 |
| Innocent VI | Etienne Aubert | 1352–1362 |
| Urban V | Guillaume de Grimoard | 1362–1370 |
| Gregory XI | Pierre-Roger de Beaufort | 1370–1378 |
| | | |
| XVI . Laetentur Coeli! | ||
| Urban VI | Bartolomeo Prignano | 1378–1389 |
| Clement VII ( antipope ) | Robert of Geneva | 1378–1394 |
| Boniface IX | Pietro Tomacelli | 1389–1404 |
| Benedict XIII ( antipope ) | Pedro de Luna | 1394–1417 |
| Innocent VII | Cosimo Gentile dei Migliorati | 1404–1406 |
| Gregory XII | Angelo Correr | 1406–1415 |
| Alexander V ( antipope ) | Pietro Philarghi | 1409–1410 |
| John XXIII ( antipope ) | Baldassare Cossa | 1410–1415 |
| Martin V | Oddone Colonna | 1417–1431 |
| Clement VIII ( antipope ) | Gil Sánchez Muñoz | 1423–1429 |
| Benedict XIV ( antipope ) | Bernard Garnier | 1425–? |
| Eugenius IV | Gabriele Condulmer | 1431–1447 |
| Felix V ( antipope ) | Amadeus VIII of Savoy | 1439–1449 |
| | | |
| XVII. The Renaissance | ||
| Nicholas V | Tommaso Parentucelli | 1447–1455 |
| Calixtus III | Alfonso de Borja (Borgia) | 1455–1458 |
| Pius II | Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini | 1458–1464 |
| Paul II | Pietro Barbo | 1464–1471 |
| Sixtus IV | Francesco della Rovere | 1471–1484 |
| Innocent VIII | Giambattistata Cibo | 1484–1492 |
| | | |
| XVIII. The Monsters | ||
| Alexander VI | Rodrigo Borgia | 1492–1503 |
| Pius III | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini | 1503 |
| Julius II | Giuliano della Rovere | 1503–1513 |
| | | |
| XIX. The Medici Pair | ||
| Leo X | Giovanni de’ Medici | 1513–1521 |
| Hadrian VI | Adrian Florensz Dedal | 1522–1523 |
| Clement VII | Giulio de’ Medici | 1523–1534 |
| | | |
| XX. The Counter-Reformation | ||
| Paul III | Alessandro Farnese | 1534–1549 |
| Julius III | Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte | 1550–1555 |
| Marcellus II | Marcello Cervini | 1555 |
| Paul IV | Giampietro Carafa | 1555–1559 |
| Pius IV | Giovanni Angelo Medici | 1559–1565 |
| Pius V | Michele Ghislieri | 1566–1572 |
| Gregory XIII | Ugo Boncompagni | 1572–1585 |
| Sixtus V | Felice Peretti | 1585–1590 |
| Urban VII | Giambattista Castagna | 1590 |
| Gregory XIV | Niccolò Sfondrati | 1590–1591 |
| Innocent IX | Giovanni Antonio Fachinetti | 1591 |
| Clement VIII | Ippolito Aldobrandini | 1592–1605 |
| | | |
| XXI. Baroque Rome | ||
| Leo XI | Alessandro de’ Medici | 1605 |
| Paul V | Camillo Borghese | 1605–1621 |
| Gregory XV | Alessandro Ludovisi | 1621–1623 |
| Urban VIII | Maffeo Barberini | 1623–1644 |
| Innocent X | Giambattista Pamfili | 1644–1655 |
| Alexander VII | Fabio Chigi | 1655–1667 |
| Clement IX | Giulio Rospigliosi | 1667–1669 |
| Clement X | Emilio Altieri | 1670–1676 |
| Innocent XI | Benedetto Odescalchi | 1676–1689 |
| Alexander VIII | Pietro Ottoboni | 1689–1691 |
| Innocent XII | Antonio Pignatelli | 1691–1700 |
| | | |
| XXII. The Age of Reason | ||
| Clement XI | Gian Francesco Albani | 1700–1721 |
| Innocent XIII | Michelangelo de’ Conti | 1721–1724 |
| Benedict XIII | Pietro Francesco Orsini-Gravina | 1724–1730 |
| Clement XII | Lorenzo Corsini | 1730–1740 |
| Benedict XIV | Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini | 1740–1758 |
| | | |
| XXIII. The Jesuits and the Revolution | ||
| Clement XIII | Carlo della Torre Rezzonico | 1758–1769 |
| Clement XIV | Lorenzo Ganganelli | 1769–1774 |
| Pius VI | Giovanni Angelo Braschi | 1775–1799 |
| | | |
| XXIV. Progress and Reaction | ||
| Pius VII | Barnaba Chiaramonti | 1800–1823 |
| Leo XII | Annibale Sermattei della Genga | 1823–1829 |
| Pius VIII | Francesco Saverio Castiglione | 1829–1830 |
| Gregory XVI | Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari | 1831–1846 |
| | | |
| XXV. Pio Nono | ||
| Pius IX | Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti | 1846–1878 |
| | | |
| XXVI. Leo XIII and the First World War | ||
| Leo XIII | Gioacchino Vincenzo Pecci | 1878–1903 |
| Pius X | Giuseppe Sarto | 1903–1914 |
| Benedict XV | Giacomo della Chiesa | 1914–1922 |
| | | |
| XXVII. Pius XI and Pius XII | ||
| Pius XI | Achille Ratti | 1922–1939 |
| Pius XII | Eugenio Pacelli | 1939–1958 |
| | | |
| XXVIII. Vatican II and After | ||
| John XXIII | Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli | 1958–1963 |
| Paul VI | Giovanni Battista Montini | 1963–1978 |
| John Paul I | Albino Luciani | 1978 |
| John Paul II | Karol Wojtyła | 1978–2005 |
| Benedict XVI | Joseph Ratzinger | 2005– |
St. Peter and St. Paul.
Twelfth-century mosaics in the Cathedral of Monreale, Sicily.
(Illustration Credit i1.1)
The Crypt of the Popes, Catacomb of San Callisto, Rome, third century. Now empty, it once contained the remains of nine popes and eight bishops of the third century.
(Illustration Credit i1.2)
The Mausoleum of Theodoric, Ravenna. Raising that single monolith that forms the roof was an astonishing achievement for the sixth century. The mausoleum also contains the sarcophagus of Pope Victor II (1055–1057).
(Illustration Credit i1.3)
Justinian and his entourage, including Archbishop Maximian. The shield carrier on the far left is thought to be Belisarius.
Contemporary mosaic, sixth century, San Vitale, Ravenna.
(Illustration Credit i1.4)
The Empress Theodora and her court.
Contemporary mosaic, sixth century, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna.
(Illustration Credit i1.5)
St. Gregory the Great (590–604) in his study. The Holy Ghost whispers in his ear. Below, scribes are busy copying his work. Tenth-century ivory, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
(Illustration Credit i1.6)
Constantine the Great (708–715) presents Pope Sylvester with the tiara. Behind him is the pope’s horse; when Sylvester mounts it, the emperor will hold his stirrup as the traditional mark of respect. Thirteenth-century fresco, Church of the Santi Quattro Coronati, Rome.
(Illustration Credit i1.7)
Pope Joan (?855–857) gives birth. Engraving, F. Spanheim,
Histoire de la Papesse Jeanne
, The Hague, 1721.
(Illustration Credit i1.8)
The coronation of Charles the Bald by Pope John VIII (872–882) in 875. Musée Condé, Chantilly.
(Illustration Credit i1.9)
The Emperor Otto III, enthroned between representatives of the Church and laity.
The Munich Gospels
, Staatsbibliothek, Munich.
(Illustration Credit i1.10)
Equestrian statue of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It stood outside the Lateran Palace in the Middle Ages, when it was believed to represent Constantine the Great. Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome.
(Illustration Credit i1.11)
