Agincourt (57 page)

44 Beck,
The Cutting Edge
, pp. 76-8; Talbot and Hammond,
The Medical Practitioners in Medieval England: A Biographical Register
, pp. 387-8.
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45 Beck,
The Cutting Edge
, pp. 63, 67-8.
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46 Thrupp,
The Merchant Class of Medieval London (1300-1500)
, pp. 260, 267 n. 75; Beck,
The Cutting Edge
, pp. 81-2.
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47 Marie-Christine Pouchelle,
The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages
(Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 1990), pp. 68-9.
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48 Transcribed from the extracts of Thomas Morstede’s
Fair Book of Surgery
, given in Beck,
The Cutting Edge
, pp. 105ff, esp. p. 108.
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49 Ibid.; Pouchelle,
The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages
, pp. 165-6.
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50 Will of Hamon le Straunge: MS LEST AE 1, Norfolk Record Office;
Foedera
, ix, pp. 289-92.
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51 Ibid.; Morgan, “The Household Retinue of Henry V and the Ethos of English Public Life,” p. 65. The famous Gascon knight Jean de Grailly, Captal de Buch (d.1369), directed in his will that fifty thousand masses were to be sung for him in the year after his death: Keen,
Chivalry
, p. 155.
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52
St-Denys
, v, pp. 526-8.
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53 Seward,
Henry V as Warlord
, p. 63.
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54
St-Denys
, v, pp. 526-8. See also Monstrelet, iii, pp. 78-81; le Févre, i, pp. 219-21; and Waurin, i, pp. 174-6.
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55
GHQ
, pp. 17-19.
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56 Deuteronomy, ch. xx, v. 10. See also below, p. 174.
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57
Foedera
, ix, p. 298;
CCR
, p. 278; W&W, ii, p. 1;
GHQ
, pp. 20-1.
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CHAPTER NINE: “FAIR STOOD THE WIND FOR FRANCE”

1 The opening line of Michael Drayton’s seventeenth-century “Ballad of Agincourt.”
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2
GHQ
, p. 21;
St Albans
, p. 89; Robert F. Marx,
The Battle of the Spanish Armada 1588
(Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1965), p. 53.
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3 Vale,
English Gascony 1399-1453
, pp. 13-14; Blair and Ramsay (eds),
English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products
, p. 341; Bridbury,
England and the Salt Trade in the Later Middle Ages
, pp. 80, 110-11, 114; Knoop and Jones,
The Medieval Mason
, pp. 46, 48. The river Don in Yorkshire supplied a boat for Henry V’s second invasion of France in 1417, so it is reasonable to suppose that similar vessels were also used in 1415: Friel, “Winds of Change? Ships and the Hundred Years War,” p. 189.
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4 Ibid., pp. 183-5; Ayton, “Arms, Armour, and Horses,” p. 198. Sir Robert Knollys’s expeditionary force of 1370, which had a contracted strength of two thousand men-at-arms and two thousand mounted archers, took 8464 horses to France, according to exchequer records.
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5
Calendar of Signet Letters of Henry IV and Henry V (1399-1422)
, p. 161; Richmond, “The War at Sea,” p. 114;
GHQ
, pp. 20-1; le Févre, i, p. 224; W&W, i, p. 525. The king later decided that those who mustered, but had to be left behind, were not to receive their wages:
Foedera
, ix, p. 52.
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6 Carpenter-Turner, “The Building of the
Holy Ghost of the Tower
, 1414-1416, and her Subsequent History,” p. 271.
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7 W&W, ii, p. 2; Armstrong, “The Heraldry of Agincourt,” p. 130.
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8 Elizabeth Danbury, “English and French Artistic Propaganda during the Period of the Hundred Years War,” in Christopher Allmand (ed),
Power, Culture and Religion in France c.1350-c.1550
(Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1989), p. 82. When Charles V of France reduced the number of lilies on the French royal coat of arms to three, Edward III followed suit: ibid., p. 87.
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9 Richard Barber,
The Knight and Chivalry
(Sphere Books, London, 1974), p. 40.
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10 Ibid., pp. 304-6; Keen,
Chivalry
, pp. 191, 184. For Werchin’s challenge to the Garter knights and, separately, to Sir John Cornewaille, see MS Additional 21370 fos 1-14, esp. fo. 7v, British Library; Barker,
The Tournament in England
, pp. 41-2, 157.
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11 W&W, ii, pp. 3-4; Armstrong, “The Heraldry of Agincourt,” p. 130;
GHQ
, pp. 120-1.
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12 Bacquet, p. 109, quoting the accounts of the city of Boulogne which had sent a messenger to Honfleur, “where monseigneur the constable is now.”
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13 Ibid., pp. 22-3.
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14 Trokelowe, “Annales Ricardi Secundi et Henrici Quarti,” p. 333; A. C. Reeves,
Lancastrian Englishmen
(University Press of America, Washington, DC, 1981), pp. 143-4; MS Additional 21370 fos 4v-14, esp. fo. 10, British Library. Cornewaille’s side of the correspondence relating to the seneschal’s challenge was carried by William Bruges, who was then Chester herald of the prince of Wales.
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15 Catto, “The King’s Servants,” pp. 89-90; Reeves,
Lancastrian Englishmen
, p. 168; W&W, ii, p. 17 n. 2; Wylie, “Notes on the Agincourt Roll,” pp. 136, 128-9.
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16
GHQ
, p. 23 n. 3; W&W, i, pp. 98, 344 and nn. 8 and 9, 345 and n. 2, 435, 536; W&W, ii, pp. 16-17;
CPR
, p. 359; Nicolas, p. 340.
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17 Geoffrey Chaucer,
Canterbury Tales
, ed. by A. Kent Hieatt and Constance Hieatt (Bantam Books, New York, 1971), p. 54, l. 276; Barber,
The Knight and Chivalry
, pp. 208-9. A transcript of the agreement is given in Allmand (ed),
Society at War
, pp. 32-4.
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18 Reeves,
Lancastrian Englishmen
, pp. 153, 151, 148; McLeod, pp. 85, 177, 186. Though Cornewaille evaded capture personally, he had to raise enormous sums for the ransom of his stepson, Sir John Holland (who had then become earl of Huntingdon), when he was captured at Baugé in 1421. He was only able to do it by means of assistance from the king, by exchanging one of his own most valuable prisoners and by remitting some of the ransom due to him. And at his death in December 1443, it was discovered that he held £2666 13s 4d in uncashed exchequer tallies, money that was therefore owed to him by the crown, together with debts of more than £723 owed to him for loans by others. As many of the other Agincourt veterans were to discover, receiving payment for their services was neither straightforward nor easy: Reeves,
Lancastrian Englishmen
, pp. 147, 169-70, 182; McLeod, pp. 252, 275; Michael Stansfield, “John Holland, Duke of Exeter and Earl of Huntingdon (d.1447) and the Costs of the Hundred Years War,” in
Profit, Piety and the Professions in Later Medieval England
, ed. by Michael Hicks (Alan Sutton, Gloucester and Wolfeboro Falls, 1990), pp. 108-9.
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19 Morgan, “The Household Retinue of Henry V and the Ethos of English Public Life,” p. 74; W&W, ii, pp. 17 n. 2, 88, 119; Wylie, “Notes on the Agincourt Roll,” p. 109 n. 1.
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20 Rudolf Simek,
Heaven and Earth in the Middle Ages: the Physical World Before Columbus
, trans. by Angela Hill (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1996), pp. 41-4, 51-5, 20-1, 29-31, 37-8. See plate 15.
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21 Ibid., pp. 42-3. For facsimile examples of medieval navigational maps, see Gabriel Marcel,
Choix de Cartes et de Mappemondes des XIV et XV Siècles
(Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1896), esp. the Cartes de Dulcert (1330), de Mecia de Viladestes (1413) and de Saleri (1385).
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22
St-Denys
, v, pp. 532-3;
GHQ
, pp. 24-5.
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23 Ibid., p. 25.
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24 http://membres.lycos.fr/valsoleil/hellandes/histoire_du_fief_de_hellande. htm; Monstrelet, iii, pp. 70-1, 117; W&W, i, p. 447 n. 1.
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25 Bacquet, pp. 109, 110; Bouvier, p. 64.
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26 Bacquet, p. 109.
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27 W&W, i, p. 447 n. 1;
St-Denys
, v, pp. 532-4.
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28 W&W, ii, pp. 17, 19 and n. 9; Monstrelet, iii, pp. 82-3;
GHQ
, pp. 22-5, 22 n. 1.
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29 Ibid., p. 27.
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30 Keen, “Richard II’s Ordinances of War of 1385,” pp. 33-43; Shakespeare,
Julius Caesar
, III.i.273. For Henry V’s Mantes ordinances, see F. Grose,
Military Antiquities Respecting the History of the English Army
(London, 1801), ii, pp. 65-79.
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31 Keen, “Richard II’s Ordinances of War of 1385,” pp. 44-5. See below, p. 291.
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32
GHQ
, pp. 68-9;
St-Denys
, v, pp. 556-7; Pizan,
BDAC
, p. 41. The story of the soldier stealing the pyx (see below, p. 239) was used by Shakespeare, who, applying poetic licence, made the thief Bardolph, one of the king’s former associates: Shakespeare,
Henry V
, III.vi.
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33 W&W, ii, pp. 25-9 and n. 28; i, pp. 508-10.
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34
GHQ
, pp. 26-7.
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CHAPTER TEN: HARFLEUR

1 Despite several visits in the summer of 2004, I was unable to gain access to the interior of the church: the best efforts of the very helpful ladies at the tourist information office and the
mairie
were unable to locate a keyholder or key.
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2
St-Denys
, v, p. 532; Monstrelet, iii, p. 225.
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3 Allmand (ed),
Society at War
, p. 130; W&W, ii, p. 10; Allmand,
Henry V
, pp. xii, 67.
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4 Most of my ensuing description of medieval Harfleur, including the
clos-aux-galées
, is drawn from the very useful information boards supplied by Parcours du Patrimonie on site, and an article by Bernard Perrot in
Le Havre Livre
, Sunday, 4 January 2004, p. 6.
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5
GHQ
, pp. 32-4. The paving stones lifted from the Montivilliers road were taken to Harfleur to be used as ammunition in the event of attack: Monstrelet, iii, p. 83; Waurin, i, pp. 181-2.
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6
GHQ
, pp. 26-31; W&W, ii, pp. 13-16; Jones, “Fortifications and Sieges in Western Europe
c
.800-1450,” p. 175.
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7 Bouvier, pp. 64, 35 and n. 3, 38-9, 46, 52; Denis Lalande,
Jean II le Meingre, dit Boucicaut (1366-1421): Étude d’une Biographie Héroïque
(Librairie Droz, Geneva, 1988), p. 94; McLeod, pp. 84-5, 121. See also Aubert de la Chenaye-Desbois et Badier,
Dictionnaire de la Noblesse
(Paris, 1866, repr. Kraus-Thomson Organisation, Liechtenstein, 1969), ix, pp. 33-5 and
Dictionnaire de Biographie Française
, ed. by M. Prevost, Roman d’Arnot and H. Tribout de Morembert (Libraire Letouzey et Ané, Paris, 1982), xv, p. 689. Both
Dictionnaires
contain glaringly obvious errors of fact and it is difficult to disentangle references to Raoul VI de Gaucourt and his father, Raoul V, in the chronicles. Some of the earlier references may relate to Raoul V, who also led an active military career until he was assassinated by Burgundian sympathisers at Rouen in 1417.
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8 Allmand (ed),
Society at War
, pp. 25-7.
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9 Bouvier, p. 64;
GHQ
, pp. 32-3. Monstrelet, iii, p. 83 and le Févre, i, p. 225 both place de Gaucourt in the garrison, which they number at four hundred men-at-arms (that is, including his contingent), though they do not mention how he, and they, got there.
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10
GHQ
, pp. 32-5.
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11 Jean de Bordiu, writing on 3 September 1415, notes that the king’s great army “increases every day”: Curry, p. 445;
Registres de la Jurade
, p. 257.
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12 Forhan,
The Political Theory of Christine de Pizan
, p. 136;
GHQ
, p. 35. For Henry’s letter to Charles VI, quoting Deuteronomy, see above, p. 143.
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13 Deuteronomy, ch. 20, vv. 13-14;
GHQ
, pp. 34-7.
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14
St-Denys
, v, pp. 536-7;
GHQ
, pp. 36-7; Curry, p. 445;
Registres de la Jurade
, p. 257.
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15
GHQ
, pp. 38-9;
St-Denys
, v, p. 536.
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16
Original Letters Illustrative of English History
, i, p. 95. Hostell is usually described as an archer, but Curry, p. 435, identifies him as a man-at-arms in the company of Sir John Lumley; he went on to fight at the battle of Agincourt.
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17
GHQ
, p. 39.
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18 Ibid.
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