All Souls
Authors: Michael Patrick MacDonald
MORE PRAISE FOR
All Souls
“A guileless and powerful memoir of precarious life and early death in Boston's Irish ghetto ⦠MacDonald gives new life to this old American story of poor-white pride and prejudice. He also has a knack for quickly grabbing and holding a reader's attention.”
â
R
.
Z
.
S
HEPPARD
,
Time
“Harrowing.”
â
S
USAN
O
RLEAN
,
The New Yorker
“Peppered with hard-won humor ⦠the story of a man who understands poverty because he has known it and is blessed with an ability to bear witness in plainspoken prose.”
â
B
RIAN
B
RAIKER
,
Newsweek
“An incendiary, moving book that startles on every page ⦠remarkable.”
â
K
IRKUS
R
EVIEWS
, starred review
“
All Souls
is a memoir filled with desperation and despair, but there is also hope in it ⦠MacDonald's discovery of his vocation in neighborhood activism is a refreshing change from most memoirs, which so often ⦠are largely concerned with describing an ascent to celebrityhood.”
â
J
ULIAN
M
OYNAHAN
,
The New York Review of Books
“Michael Patrick MacDonald takes us on a heartbreaking tour of his South Boston family.”
â
F
RANK
M
C
C
OURT
, author of
Angela's Ashes
, in
Irish America Magazine
“
All Souls
hits with the power of a driven fist that crashes through the cynic's intellectual defenses and leaves one speechless.”
â
S
UNDAY
B
USINESS
P
OST
(U.K. and Ireland)
“A brilliantly original memoir of white-working-class life ⦠MacDonald spins stories with a wondrous mix of wild humor and brooding darkness. Though his prose is luminous, he has a purposefulness that goes well beyond that of a raconteur.”
â
D
AVID
L
.
K
IRP
,
The American Prospect
“A tough book about a tough place.”
â
J
EFF
B
AKER
,
The Oregonian
“After reading this harrowing memoir of a Catholic boyhood in a South Boston housing project, âpoverty' will never be a mere category to you again. It will wear the face of a family that loses children to drugs and crime, and that face will be white. Michael Patrick MacDonald has a gift for narrative, an eye for social detail, and a voice of earned authenticity.”
â
J
ACK
B
EATTY
, author of
The Rascal King
“A genuinely good read, a book that defines a multigenerational struggle out of an urban abyss.”
â
M
ICHAEL
S
AUNDERS
,
Boston Globe
“
All Souls
is a rowdy, sometimes raucous venture into the MacDonald family's inner vault. It will leave you weeping and laughing uproariously at the weave of tragic and comic events in this unconventional family. A must-read for the uplift of spirit, and for the courage shared by this grand writer.”
â
M
ALACHY
M
C
C
OURT
, author of
A Monk Swimming
“[MacDonald] has spent his adult life on a personal crusade to break through [the Southie code of silence], to reach families in pain and, through them, to tell the truth.”
â
D
ELIA
O
'
H
ARA
,
Chicago Sun-Times
“A must read â¦
All Souls
is poised to become one of the most significant Irish American books of the era.”
â
I
RISH
E
DITION
“The gritty saga of the South Boston MacDonalds should be read by anybody looking for a gripping and full account of poverty in urban America.”
â
S
ETH
G
ITELL
,
Weekly Standard
“Michael Patrick MacDonald rips the cover off the myth that poverty and violence happens predominantly in the Black community. His story of growing up poor and white in South Boston reminds me of my own, growing up poor and black in the South Bronx. This is an honest, piercing taleâonce you read it, you will never look at our country the same way.”
â
G
EOFFREY
C
ANADA
, author of
Fist Stick Knife Gun
ALL SOULS
All Souls
AÂ Â F A M I L YÂ Â S T O R YÂ Â F R O MÂ Â S O U T H I E
Michael Patrick MacDonald
B E A C O NÂ Â P R E S S
Boston
Beacon Press
25 Beacon Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02108-2892
www.beacon.org
Beacon Press books are published under the auspices of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.
© 1999 by Michael Patrick MacDonald
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
11 10 09 08Â Â Â Â Â Â 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Some names have been changed to disguise or protect some identities.
Text design by Charles Nix
Composition by Wilsted & Taylor Publishing Services
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
MacDonald, Michael Patrick.
All souls: a family story from Southie / Michael Patrick MacDonald.
p. cm.
ISBN
978-0-8070-7213-4 (pbk.)
1.  MacDonald, Michael PatrickâChildhood and youth. 2.  Irish AmericansâMassachusettsâBoston Biography. 3.  MacDonald family. 4.  Irish American familiesâMassachusettsâBoston Biography. 5.  South Boston (Boston, Mass.) Biography.6.  Boston (Mass.) Biography. 7.  South Boston (Boston, Mass.)âSocial life and customs. 8.  South Boston (Boston, Mass.)âSocial conditions. I. Title.
F73.68.
S
7
M
33 Â Â Â Â 1999
974.4'6104'092âdc21
[
B
]Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 99-30692
F O R  T H E  K I D S ,  A N D  M A
Facing page (clockwise from top left)
: Ma with Davey
(standing)
, Mary, Joe
(on lap)
, and Johnnie; “Frank the Tank”; Michael on Davey's shoulders, Joe, Kevin, Johnnie, Kathy, Frankie, and Mary; Kevin; Joe
(left)
and Davey; Kevin and Sarge
C H A P T E RÂ Â 1
I
WAS BACK IN SOUTHIE, “THE BEST PLACE IN THE
world,” as Ma used to say before the kids died. That's what we call them now, “the kids.” Even when we want to say their names, we sometimes get confused about who's dead and who's alive in my family. After so many deaths, Ma just started to call my four brothers “the kids” when we talked about going to see them at the cemetery. But I don't go anymore. They're not at the cemetery; I never could find them there. When I accepted the fact that I couldn't feel them at the graves, I figured it must be because they were in heaven, or the spirit world, or whatever you want to call it. The only things I kept from the funerals were the mass cards that said, “Do not stand at my grave and weep, I am not there, I do not sleep. I am the stars that shine through the night,” and so on. I figured that was the best way to look at it. There are seven of us kids still alive, and sometimes I'm not even sure if that's true.
I came back to Southie in the summer of 1994, after everyone in my family had either died or moved to the mountains of Colorado. I'd moved to downtown Boston after Ma left in 1990, and was pulled one night to wander through Southie. I walked from Columbia Point Project, where I was born, to the Old Colony Project where I grew up, in the “Lower End,” as we called it. On that August night, after four years of staying away, I walked the streets of my old neighborhood, and finally found the kids. In my memory of that night I can see them clear as day.
They're right here
, I thought, and it was an ecstatic feeling. I cried, and felt alive again myself. I passed by the outskirts of Old Colony, and it all came back to meâthe kids were joined in my mind by so many others I'd last seen in caskets at Jackie O'Brien's Funeral Parlor. They were all here now, all of my neighbors and friends who had died young from violence, drugs, and from the other deadly things we'd been taught didn't happen in Southie.
We thought we were in the best place in the world in this neighborhood, in the all-Irish housing projects where everyone claimed to be Irish even if his name was Spinnoli. We were proud to be from here, as proud as we were to be Irish. We didn't want to own the problems that took the lives of my brothers and of so many others like them: poverty, crime, drugsâthose were black things that happened in the ghettos of Roxbury. Southie was Boston's proud Irish neighborhood.
On this night in Southie, the kids were all here once againâI could feel them. The only problem was no one else in the neighborhood could. My old neighbors were going on with their nightly businessâwheeling and dealing on the corners, drinking on the stoops, yelling up to windows, looking for a way to get by, or something to fight for. Just like the old days in this small world within a world. It was like a family reunion to me. That's what we considered each other in Southieâfamily. There was always this feeling that we were protected, as if the whole neighborhood was watching our backs for threats, watching for all the enemies we could never really define. No “outsiders” could mess with us. So we had no reason to leave, and nothing ever to leave for. It was a good feeling to be back in Southie that night, surrounded by my family and neighbors; and I remember hating having to cross over the Broadway Bridge again, having to leave the peninsula neighborhood and go back to my apartment in downtown Boston.
Not long after, I got a call at Citizens for Safety, where I'd been working on antiviolence efforts across Boston since 1990. It was a reporter from
U.S. News & World Report
who was working on an article about what they were calling “the white underclass.” The reporter had found through demographic studies that Southie showed three census tracts with the highest concentration of poor whites in America. The part of Southie he was referring to was the Lower End, my own neighborhood at the bottom of the steep hills of City Point, which was the more middle-class section with nicer views of the harbor. The magazine's findings were based on rates of joblessness and single-parent female-headed households. Nearly three-fourths of the families in the Lower End had no fathers. Eighty-five percent of Old Colony collected welfare. The reporter wasn't telling me anything newâI was just stunned that someone was taking notice. No one had ever seemed to believe me or to care when I told them about the amount of poverty and social problems where I grew up. Liberals were usually the ones working on social problems, and they never seemed to be able to fit urban poor whites into their world view, which tended to see blacks as the persistent dependent and their own white selves as provider. Whatever race guilt they were holding onto, Southie's poor couldn't do a thing for their consciences. After our violent response to court-ordered busing in the 1970s, Southie was labeled as the white racist oppressor. I saw how that label worked to take the blame away from those able to leave the city and drive back to all-white suburban towns at the end of the day.
Outsiders were also used to the image, put out by our own politicians, that we were a working-class and middle-class community with the lowest rates of social problems anywhere, and that we wanted to keep it that way by not letting blacks in with all their problems. Growing up, I felt alone in thinking this attitude was an injustice to all the Southie people I knew who'd been murdered. Then there were all the suicides that no one wanted to talk about. And all the bank robberies and truck hijackings, and the number of addicts walking down Broadway, and the people limping around or in wheelchairs, victims of violence.
The reporter asked me if I knew anyone in Southie he could talk to. He wanted to see if the socioeconomic conditions in the neighborhood had some of the same results evident in the highly concentrated black ghettos of America. I called some people, but most of them didn't want to talk. We were all used to the media writing about us only when something racial happened, ever since the neighborhood had erupted in antibusing riots during the seventies. Senator Billy Bulger, president of the Massachusetts Senate, had always reminded us of how unfair the media was with its attacks on South Boston. He told us never to trust them again. No news was good news. And his brother, neighborhood drug lord James “Whitey” Bulger, had liked it better that way. Whitey probably figured that all the shootings in the nearby black neighborhood of Roxbury, and all the activists willing to talk over there, would keep the media busy. They wouldn't meddle in Southie as long as we weren't as stupid and disorganized as Roxbury's drug dealers. And by the late eighties, murders in Southie had started to be less visible even to us in the community. Word around town was that Whitey didn't allow bodies to be left on the streets anymore; instead, people went missing, and sometimes were found hog-tied out in the suburbs, or washed up on the shores of Dorchester Bay. The ability of our clean-cut gangsters to keep up appearances complemented our own need to deny the truth. Bad guy stuff seemed to happen less often within the protected turf of South Boston. Maybe a few suicides here and there, or maybe an addict “scumbag,” but that was the victim's own problem. Must have come from a bad familyânothing to do with “Our Beautiful World,” as the
South Boston Tribune
was used to calling it, above pictures of church bazaars, bake sales, christenings, and weddings.
I agreed to take the reporter on a tour through Southie. We stayed in the car, because I was too nervous to walk around with an “outsider” in a suit. It was bad enough that I was driving his rented sports car. People in Southie usually drove big Chevys, or when they were in with “the boys,” as we called our revered gangsters, they'd upgrade to an even bigger Caddy or Lincoln Continental. I wore sunglasses and a scally cap, the traditional local cap once favored by hard-working Irish immigrants and longshoremen, and more recently made popular by tough guys and wannabes. I disguised myself so I wouldn't be identified collaborating with an outsider. Everyone knew I was an activist working to reduce violence and crime. But when they saw me on the news, I was usually organizing things over in Roxbury or Dorchester, the black places that my neighbors thanked God they didn't live in. “That stuff would never happen in Southie,” a mother in Old Colony once told me. Her own son had been run over by gangsters for selling cocaine on their turf without paying up.
When I rode around the Lower End with the reporter, I pointed to the landmarks of my childhood: St. Augustine's grammar school, where Ma struggled to keep up with tuition payments so we wouldn't be bused to black neighborhoods; the Boys and Girls Club, where I was on the swim team with my brother Kevin; Darius Court, where I played and watched the busing riots; the liquor store with a giant green shamrock painted on it, where Whitey Bulger ran the Southie drug trade; the sidewalk where my sister had crashed from a project rooftop after a fight over drugs; and St. Augustine's Church, down whose front steps I'd helped carry my brothers' heavy caskets. “I miss this place,” I said to him. He looked horrified but kept scribbling notes as I went on about this being the best place in the world. “I always had a sense of security here, a sense of belonging that I've never felt anywhere else,” I explained. “There was always a feeling that someone would watch your back. Sure, bad things happened to my family, and to so many of my neighbors and friends, but there was never a sense that we were victims. This place was ours, it was all we ever knew, and it was all ours.”
Talking to this stranger, driving through the streets of Southie, and saying these things confused me. I thought about how much I'd hated this place when I'd learned that everything I'd just heard myself say about Southie loyalty and pride was a big myth, one that fit well into the schemes of career politicians and their gangster relatives. I thought about how I'd felt betrayed when my brothers ended up among all the other ghosts in our town who were looked up to when they were alive, and shrugged off when they were dead, as punks only asking for trouble.
I didn't know now if I loved or hated this place. All those beautiful dreams and nightmares of my life were competing in the narrow littered streets of Old Colony Project. Over there, on my old front stoop at 8 Patterson Way, were the eccentric mothers, throwing their arms around and telling wild stories. Standing on the corners were the natural-born comedians making everyone laugh. Then there were the teenagers wearing their flashy clothes, “pimp” gear, as we called it. And little kids running in packs, having the time of their lives in a world that was all theirs. But I also saw the junkies, the depressed and lonely mothers of people who'd died, the wounded, the drug dealers, and a known murderer accepted by everyone as warmly as they accepted anything else in the familiar landscape. “I'm thinking of moving back,” I told the reporter.
I moved back to Southie after four years of working with activists and victims of violence, mostly in Roxbury, Dorchester, and Mattapan, Boston's largely black and Latino neighborhoods. In those neighborhoods I made some of the closest friends of my life, among people who too often knew the pain of losing their loved ones to the injustices of the streets. Families that had experienced the same things as many of my Southie neighbors. The only difference was that in the black and Latino neighborhoods, people were saying the words:
poverty, drugs, guns, crime, race, class, corruption.
Two weeks after I moved back home, every newsstand in town had copies of
U.S. News & World Report
with a picture of me, poster boy for the white underclass, leading the article, and demographic evidence telling just a few of Southie's dirty little secrets. South Boston's Lower End was called the white underclass capital of America, with a report showing all the obvious social problems that usually attend concentrated poverty in urban areas. The two daily papers in Boston wrote stories about the article's findings, with their own interviews of housing project residents, politicians, and a local priest, mostly refuting the findings. A group of women sitting on a stoop in the housing development laughed at the article. “We're not poor,” one said. “We shop at Filene's and Jordan Marsh.” I remembered how I spent my teenage years, on welfare, making sure that I too had the best clothes from those department stores, whether stolen or bought with an entire check from the summer jobs program. I thought I looked rich, until I saw that all the rich kids in the suburbs were wearing tattered rags.
A local politician said that the article in
U.S. News
was a lie, that it was all about the liberal media attacking South Boston's tight-knit traditional community. A local right-wing community activist called the magazine a “liberal rag.” And a
Boston Herald
columnist who'd grown up in one of the census tracts wrote that he was better off not knowing he was poor. But he grew up long before the gangsters started opening up shop in liquor stores on the edge of the housing projects, marketing a lucrative cocaine trade to the children of single women with few extended family support structures or men around.