All the Presidents' Bankers (102 page)

    
in 1930s,
105–108
,
135
,
145–147
,
150–151

    
post-World War II,
177
,
180

    
in 1950s,
196–198
,
220–221

    
1958 recession,
223–224

    
in 1960s,
231
,
252
,
270
,
271–272

    
1962 Blue Monday,
239–240

    
in 1970s,
296
,
306
,
307

    
in 1980s,
319–320
,
355–356

    
1987 market crash,
345

    
1990 credit crisis/recession,
360

    
in 1990s,
377–378

    
in 2000s,
397
,
413–414
,
416

Edge, Walter Evans,
64

Edge Act of 1919,
64

Egypt,
212
,
217–219
,
221
,
224
,
273
,
289–291
,
315

Eisenhower, Dwight D.

    
banker friends of,
202–204
,
206

    
domestic policy of,
197
,
204
,
211

    
Eisenhower Doctrine,
221

    
election of 1952,
203

    
foreign policy of,
204

    
international trade policy,
208

    
Joseph McCarthy and,
210

    
Korean War, termination of,
208

    
Lebanon, deployment of troops to,
225

    
military isolationism, opposition to,
207

    
Mutual Security Program,
210–211
,
212
,
230

    
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, commander of,
202

    
Suez crisis,
219

Eisenhower Doctrine,
221

Eizenstat, Stuart,
303
,
306

Electronic funds transfer (EFT),
303

Elliott, William,
78

Emanuel, Rahm,
366
,
413

Emergency Economic Stability Act of 2008,
411

Emergency Loan Guarantee Act of 1971,
279

Emergency Moratorium Act (New York, 1975),
299

Energy companies, deregulation of,
375

Enron,
363
,
368
,
397–399

Equitable Life Assurance Society,
4

Equitable Trust Company,
123–124
,
232

Esposito, Michael,
296

Euro,
385–386

Eurodollar market,
233
,
245
,
250
,
269
,
283

European banks, global expansion of,
358

Everything Card,
269

Excess Profits Act of 1950,
200

Export-Import Bank,
312

Fall, Albert,
74

Fannie Mae,
303
,
411

Farber, Hilliard,
295

Fastow, Andrew,
421

FDIC.
See
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FDR.
See
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

Federal Crisis Inquiry Commission,
420–421

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC),
130–132
,
332
,
353
,
414

Federal Emergency Relief Administration,
132

Federal Reserve

    
Bank Holding Company Act and,
216–217

    
bank mergers and,
263

    
bank trading of corporate stocks, approval of,
361

    
Crash of 1929, reaction to,
100
,
101

    
Crash of 1987, reaction to,
345–346

    
Great Depression, policies during,
107

    
inception of at Jekyll Island, SC,
23–25

    
interest rates,
178
,
183
,
330
,
337–338
,
400
,
412
,
417
,
420

    
Kennedy assassination, reaction to,
249

    
monetary policy, conflict with Regan about,
330

    
purpose of,
37
,
90

    
quantitative easing,
85

    
securities underwriting, changes in rules on,
378–379

    
wartime financing,
163

    
Wriston’s proposals for bank expansion,
280

Federal Reserve Act of 1913,
34–39

Federal Trade Commission,
136

Ferguson, Thomas,
124

Financial Institution Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989,
353

Financial Institutions Deregulation Act (FIDA),
333–335

Financial Services Act of 1998 (HR10),
383–385

Financial Services Competitive Equity Act,
335

Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 (Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act),
387
,
389
,
390

First National Bank,
4
,
33
,
217

First National City Bank of New York,
223
,
233
,
266
,
269
,
284

    
See also
Citibank
;
Citigroup

First of Boston Corporation,
139

Fisher, Peter,
398

Flanagan, H. C.,
224

Flanigan, Peter,
283–284
,
286

Fleishhacker, Herbert,
102

Fletcher, Duncan,
137
,
138

Fletcher-Rayburn bill,
136

Floating prime rates,
286

Folsom, Marion,
205

Forbes, Bertie Charles,
50
,
91
,
98
,
100

Ford, Gerald,
295
,
299
,
300

Ford, Henry,
113

Ford, Henry III,
272

Foreign Assistance Act of 1948,
189

Fowler, Henry “Joe,”
203
,
261
,
266

Fox, Grace,
168

France,
59
,
112

Freddie Mac,
411

Free-market float,
284–285

Free trade,
207–208

Frick, Henry Clay,
12

Friedman, Stephen,
369
,
400
,
403

Friedrich, Klaus,
380

Fulbright, J. William,
247

Fuld, Richard Jr.,
408

Funston, George Keith,
215
,
252

Futures, trading,
282
,
363
,
364–365

Futures Trading Practices Act of 1992,
364

Gage, Lyman,
5

Galbraith, John Kenneth,
97
,
102–103

Garfield, James A.,
171

Garn, Jake,
335

Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982,
333
,
341

Garner, Robert,
187

Gary, Elbert,
12

Gates, Thomas,
206
,
260
,
272

Gay, Charles,
151

Geisst, Charles,
344

Geithner, Timothy,
401
,
405
,
406
,
410
,
413

Geneva Conference (1961),
235

Germany,
45
,
58–60
,
63
,
79–81
,
109
,
111–113
,
173

Giannini, A. P.,
126
,
135–136
,
140
,
142
,
148
,
181
,
182
,
184

Giannini, Mario,
182

Gibson, Donald,
231

Glackens, Louis,
7

Glass, Carter,
31–32
,
37
,
51
,
58
,
94
,
116
,
118
,
128
,
137
,
143

Glass-Owen bill,
34–36

Glass-Steagall Act of 1932,
116–117

Glass-Steagall Act of 1933,
132
,
325
,
344
,
353
,
385
,
390
,
392

    
repeal of,
381
,
385
,
392
,
396

Glass-Willis draft bill,
31

Gold standard,
72
,
246
,
280–282

Goldman Sachs

    
as designated holding company,
408

    
Greece, shield of debt status of,
387

    
hybrid instruments, support for deregulation of,
364

    
Mexican bailout and,
374

    
Obama, campaign contributions to,
411
,
417

    
politicians, alliances with,
202–203
,
322–323
,
329
,
366
,
369
,
403
,
406

    
SEC fine of,
418

    
Weinberg’s relationship with FDR,
117–118

Goldschmid, Harvey,
402

Goldwater, Barry,
257
,
258

Golub, Harvey,
389

Good, James,
88

Gorton, Slade,
363

Government bailout programs

    
AIG bailout,
410
,
414

    
Argentina, loan guarantee for,
332

    
Bank of America bailout,
409
,
410
,
411

    
Brady plan,
350–352

    
Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act,
306

    
Lockheed Emergency Loan Act,
279

    
Long Term Capital Management bailout,
386

    
Mexican bailout,
373–375

    
Penn Central debacle,
278

    
Reconstruction Finance Corporation,
114

    
savings and loan banks,
348
,
353–354

    
third world loans,
320

    
Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP),
411
,
414

Gramm, Phil,
385
,
388

Gramm, Wendy,
346
,
363
,
364
,
367–368

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999),
387
,
389
,
390

    
see also
Glass-Steagall repeal

Gratz, Earl Jay,
203

Gray, C. Boyden,
359

Grayson, Cary T.,
60
,
65
,
67