American Psychosis (35 page)

6
. Foley and Sharfstein,
Madness and Government
, 2; Grob, “Government and Mental Health Policy.”

7
. R. H. Felix, “Psychiatric Plans of the United States Public Health Service,”
Mental Hygiene 30
(1946): 381–389; R. H. Felix, “The Relation of the National Mental Health Act to State Health Authorities,”
Public Health Reports 62
, no. 2 (1947): 41–49.

8
. R. H. Felix, “Mental Hygiene as Public Health Practice,”
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 21
, no. 4 (1951): 707–716;
Mental Health Study Act of 1955
,
Hearings on H.J. Res. 230, Before the Subcomm. on Health and Science, Comm. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
, 84th Cong. 10 (1955).

9
. R. H. Felix and R. V. Bowers, “Mental Hygiene and Socio-environmental Factors,”
Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 26
, no. 2 (1948): 125–147;
ADAMHA News
, January 25, 1978; Derek Freeman,
Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983); E. Fuller Torrey,
Freudian Fraud: The Malignant Effect of Freud’s Theory on American Thought and Culture
(New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 75–83.

10
. R. H. Felix, “Mental Hygiene and Public Health,”
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 18
, no. 4 (1948): 679–684; Felix, “The Relation of the National Mental Health Act”; R. H. Felix, “The National Mental Health Act: How It Can Operate to Meet a National Problem,”
Mental Hygiene 31
, no. 3 (1947): 363–374.

11
. E. Fuller Torrey,
Nowhere to Go: The Tragic Odyssey of the Homeless Mentally Ill
(New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 58–59.

12
. Torrey,
Nowhere to Go
, 55–57. See also Alex Sarayan,
The Turning Point: How Men of Conscience Brought about Major Change in the Care of America’s Mentally Ill
(Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 1994).

13
. Torrey,
Nowhere to Go
, 52–53; “Proposed Institute for Research on Nervous and Mental Disease,”
Science
89, no. 2298 (1939): 7.

14
. G. N. Grob, “Foreword,” in
Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior: Foundations of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research at the National Institutes of Health
, eds. Ingrid G. Farreras, Caroline Hannaway, and Victoria A. Harden (Washington, DC: IOS Press, 2004); L. D. Ozarin, “His Vision Led to NIMH’s Birth,”
Psychiatric News
, August 3, 1990, 21.

15
.
National Neuropsychiatric Institute Act
,
Hearings on S. 1160, Before the Subcomm. on Health and Education
,
Comm. on Education and Labor
, 79th Cong. 134 (1946); Torrey,
Nowhere to Go
, 68–69.

16
. Grob, “Foreword.”

17
.
National Neuropsychiatric Institute Act
,
Hearings on H.R. 2550, Before the Subcomm. on Public Health
,
Comm. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
, 79th Cong. 77–78, 84 (1945).

18
. Felix, “Mental Hygiene and Public Health”; R. H. Felix, “Evolution of Community Mental Health Concepts,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 113
, no. 8 (1957): 673–679.

19
. Foley and Sharfstein,
Madness and Government
, 29; Samuel H. Beer, “Foreword,” in Henry A. Foley,
Community Mental Health Legislation: The Formative Process
(Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1975), xi.

20
. Foley and Sharfstein,
Madness and Government
, 18.

21
. J. R. Ewalt, “The Community Stake in the Mental Health Program,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 112
, no. 4 (1955): 248–251; Foley,
Community Mental Health Legislation
, 19.

22
. Robert Felix, interview by Henry Foley, February 1972; William C. Menninger, “Presidential Address,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 106
, no. 1 (1949): 1–12.

23
.
National Neuropsychiatric Institute Act
,
Hearings on H.R. 2550
, 79th Cong. 28 (1945) (statement of Francis Braceland).

24
. M. Gorman, “Mental Illness: Legislative and Economic Considerations,”
American Journal of Public Health 53
, no. 3 (1963): 403–408; M. Gorman, “Oklahoma Attacks Its Snake Pits,”
Reader’s Digest 53
(1948): 139–160.

25
. Federal Bureau of Investigation records from 1952 investigation of Thomas Francis (Mike) Gorman, obtained July 29, 2011.

26
. Ibid.; Mike Gorman,
Every Other Bed
(Cleveland: World Publishing, 1956), 12.

27
. E. B. Drew, “The Health Syndicate: Washington’s Noble Conspirators,”
Atlantic Monthly
, December 1967, 75–82; Mike Gorman Papers, 1946–1989, National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division, call number MS C 462; Brown, interview by author, October 15, 2010.

28
. Jack Ewalt, interview by Henry Foley, 1972; Daniel A. Felicetti,
Mental Health and Retardation Politics: The Mind Lobbies in Congress
(New York: Praeger, 1975), 53; M. Gorman, “Community Mental Health: The Search for Identity,”
Community Mental Health Journal 6
, no. 5 (1970): 347–355;
Mental Illness and Retardation
,
Hearings on S. 755 and 756
, 88th Cong. 46 (1963) (statement of Mike Gorman).

29
. Felix, interview;
Mental Health, Hearings on S.J. Res. 46, S. 724, S. 848, and S. 886 (title VI), Before the Subcomm. on Health, Comm. on Labor and Public Welfare
, 84th Cong. 55 (1955).

30
.
Mental Health, Hearings on S.J. Res. 46, S. 724, S. 848, and S. 886 (title VI)
, 84th Cong. 111 (1955);
Mental Health Study Act of 1955
,
Hearings on H.J. Res. 230
, 84th Cong. 36, 124 (1955).

31
. Foley and Sharfstein,
Madness and Government
, 35.

32
. Ibid., 37; Felix, interview.

33
. David Mechanic,
Mental Health and Social Policy
, 3rd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989), 90.

34
.
Action for Mental Health: Final Report of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1961), 268, 284, 286, 287.

35
. Mike Gorman, “Community Absorption of the Mentally Ill: The New Challenge,”
Community Mental Health Journal 12
, no. 2 (1976): 119–127; Mike Gorman Papers.

36
. N. W. Winkelman, “Chlorpromazine in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders,”
Journal of the American Medical Association 155
, no. 1 (1954): 18–21.

37
.
Mental Health Study Act of 1955
,
Hearings on H.J. Res. 230
, 84th Cong. 73 (1955); W. Gronfein, “Psychotropic Drugs and the Origins of Deinstitutionalization,”
Social Problems 32
, no. 5 (1985): 437–454.

38
. Shorter,
The Kennedy Family
, 35–36; Kessler,
The Sins of the Father
, 249.

39
. Shorter,
The Kennedy Family
, 41–42.

40
. Ibid., 36, 42.

41
. Kessler,
The Sins of the Father
, 365.

42
. Shorter,
The Kennedy Family
, 45, 67–73.

43
. Ibid., 34; Ted Swarz,
Joseph P. Kennedy
(New York: John Wiley, 2003), 306.

Chapter 3

1
. Anthony J. Celebrezze, interview by William Geoghegan for the John F. Kennedy Library, September 27, 1968; Robert Cooke, interview by John F. Stewart for the John F. Kennedy Library, July 25, 1968, 29.

2
. Leamer,
The Kennedy Women
, 519.

3
. “Presidential Candidate Kennedy Opens Key Primary Drive Here,”
Daily Union
(Fort Atkinson/Jefferson County, WI), February 16, 1960.

4
. Ibid.; Leamer,
The Kennedy Women
, 519; Christine Spangler (editor of the
Daily Union
), interview by author, July 22, 2011.

5
. Elizabeth M. Boggs, interview by John F. Stewart for the John F. Kennedy Library, February 17, 1969, 4.

6
. Eunice Shriver, “Hope for Retarded Children,”
Saturday Evening Post
, September 1962, 71–74; Kessler,
The Sins of the Father
, 254.

7
. Foley,
Community Mental Health Legislation
, 33; Ibid., 31, quoting Stanley Yolles; Foley and Sharfstein,
Madness and Government
, 44.

8
. Eunice Shriver, interview by John F. Stewart for the John F. Kennedy Library, May 7, 1968, 1; Cooke, interview, 7.

9
. Shorter,
The Kennedy Family
, 87–88.

10
. Ibid., 80–81.

11
. Edward D. Berkowitz,
Mr. Social Security: The Life of Wilbur J. Cohen
(Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1995), 154; Shorter,
The Kennedy Family
, 81, 83, 84.

12
. Shorter,
The Kennedy Family
, 96; Patrick Doyle, interview by John F. Stewart for the John F. Kennedy Library, March 4, 1968, 19; Cooke, interview, 44; Kessler,
The Sins of the Father
, 252.

13
. Felicetti,
Mental Health and Retardation Politics
, 73; David L. Bazelon, interview by William McHugh for the John F. Kennedy Library, March 5, 1969, 14–15.

14
. Bazelon, interview, 15–16; Kessler,
The Sins of the Father
, 253.

15
. Foley,
Community Mental Health Legislation
, 59.

16
. Ibid., 34; Felix, interview; Boisfeuillet Jones, interview by Henry Foley, April 1972.

17
. Boisfeuillet Jones and Daniel Moynihan, interviews by Henry Foley, April 1972; Rashi Fein, personal communication to author, December 21, 2010.

18
. Brown, interviews by author, October 15, 2010, and March 2, 2011.

19
. Ibid.

20
. Brown, interview by author, December 22, 2010.

21
. R. Slovenko and E. D. Luby, “On the Emancipation of Mental Patients,”
Journal of Psychiatry and Law 3
, no. 2 (1975): 191–213.

22
. Miller, “Hindsight in retrospect”; Brown, interview by author, October 15, 2010; R. H. Felix, “Bright New Era for Mental Health Care,”
Hospitals 38
(1964): 46–49;
Research Facilities, Mental Health Staffing, Continuation of Health Programs, and Group Practice
,
Hearings on H.R. 2984, Before the Comm. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
, 89th Cong. 58 (1965) (statement of Stanley Yolles); Stanley Yolles, interview by Henry Foley, March 1972; Bob Smucker,
Promise, Progress, and Pain: A Case Study of America’s Community Mental Health Movement from 1960 to 1980
(Washington, DC: Center for Lobbying in the Public Interest, 2007), 9; Foley,
Community Mental Health Legislation
, 37.

23
. Robert Atwell, interview by Henry Foley, January 1972; Robert Atwell, interview by author, March 9, 2011; Foley and Sharfstein,
Madness and Government
, 46; Grob, “Government and Mental Health Policy.”

24
. Foley,
Community Mental Health Legislation
, 39; Fein, personal communication; Felix, interview; Atwell, interview by Foley.

25
. Gerald Caplan,
An Approach to Community Mental Health
(New York: Grune and Stratton, 1961), 42, 232.

26
. Robert Felix, “Foreword,” in Gerald Caplan,
Principles of Preventive Psychiatry
(New York: Basic Books, 1964); Robert H. Felix et al.,
Mental Health and Social Welfare
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 10–11.

27
. Felix and Bowers, “Mental Hygiene and Socio-environmental Factors”; Caplan,
An Approach
, book jacket; Felix et al.,
Mental Health and Social Welfare
, 3.

28
. Yolles, interview.

29
. Felix, “Mental Hygiene and Public Health.”

30
. A. D. Miller, J. B. Margolin, and S. F. Yolles, “Epidemiology of Reading Disabilities; Some Methodologic Considerations and Early Findings,”
American Journal of Public Health 47
, no. 10 (1957): 1250–1256; Notes on Mental Health Study Center, Bertram S. Brown files, MSC 493, container 11, folder 10, National Library of Medicine; Miller, “Hindsight in Retrospect.”

31
. J. McCord, “Crime in Moral and Social Contexts—The American Society of Criminology, 1989 Presidential Address,”
Criminology 28
, no. 1 (1990): 1–26; J. McCord, “Consideration of Some Effects of a Counseling Program,” in
New Directions in the Rehabilitation of Criminal Offenders
, eds. Susan E. Martin, Lee B. Sechrest, and Robin Redner (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981), 394–405; J. McCord, “A Thirty-Year Follow-Up of Treatment Effects,”
American Psychologist 33
, no. 3 (1978): 284–289.

32
.
Research Facilities, Mental Health Staffing, Continuation of Health Programs, and Group Practice
,
Hearings on H.R. 2984
, 89th Cong. 97 (1965) (statement of Boisfeuillet Jones); Atwell, interview by Foley; Foley,
Community Mental Health Legislation
, 37.