Antony and Cleopatra (56 page)

¹⁹
Plutarch,
Antony
19–20, Appian,
BC
4. 5–30, 37, Dio 57. 1. 1–14. 5, with Syme (1960), pp.190–196, and Osgood (2006), pp.62 –82; Plutarch,
Antony
20 (Oxford translation, modified) for quote.

XVIII G
ODDESS

¹
Cicero,
ad Att.
14. 8, and quotes from
ad Att.
15. 15.

²
For instance, M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), pp.95–97, on Cicero's troubled relationships with women and most Greeks.

³
Josephus,
AJ
15. 39,
Against Apion
2. 58, Porphyry,
Fragments of Greek Historians
260, and for a papyrus mentioning Ptolemy XIV in late July see B. Grenfell, A. Hunt et al. (eds.),
The Oxyrhynchus Papyri
(1898—), 14. 1629, with Grant (1972), pp.97–98, J. Tyldesley,
Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt
(2009), pp.109–110, and J. Fletcher,
Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend
(2008), pp.214–215.

⁴
Strabo,
Geog.
14. 6. 6, with P. Green,
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
(1990), p. 669. Strabo says that Antony gave the rule of Cyprus to Cleopatra and Arsinoe, but that this arrangement was abandoned when he lost power. Since Arsinoe was dead long before Antony lost the civil war with Octavian, his loss of power can only refer to the period from late 44–43
BC.

⁵
Appian,
BC
3. 78, 4. 59, 5. 8, Dio 47. 28. 3, with P. Brunt,
Italian Manpower 225
BC–AD
14
(1971), p. 480.

⁶
Appian,
BC
4. 60–62, Dio 47.26. 3–30. 7.

⁷
Appian,
BC
4. 63.

⁸
Appian,
BC
4. 8–9, 61, 63, 74, 82, Dio 47. 31. 5, with Grant (1972), pp.100–105, and Tyldesley (2009), pp.143–144.

⁹
J. Bingen,
Hellenistic Egypt: Monarchy, Society, Economy, Culture
(2007), pp.72–74.

¹⁰
Appian,
BC
4. 61, Pliny,
NH
5. 58, Seneca,
Naturales Quaestiones
4. 2, with D. Thompson, ‘Cleopatra VII: The Queen in Egypt', in S. Walker & S. Ashton (eds.),
Cleopatra Reassessed
(2003), pp.31–34, esp. 33; for Alexandria's Jews see Josephus,
Against Apion.
2. 60.

¹¹
CIL Suppl. No.
6583 =
OGIS
129, with Thompson (2003), p. 33.

¹²
P. van Minnen, ‘A Royal Ordinance of Cleopatra and Related Documents', in Walker & Ashton (2003), pp.35–44, and Grant (1972), p. 100, citing
OGIS
194, and Tyldesley (2009), p. 141 for Callimachus.

¹³
See J. Tait, ‘Cleopatra by Name', in Walker & Ashton (2003), pp.3–7, esp. p. 4, and J. Ray, ‘Cleopatra in the Temples of Upper Egypt: The Evidence of Dendera and Armant', in Walker & Ashton (2003), pp.9–11, G. Goudchaux, ‘Cleopatra's Subtle Religious Strategy', in S. Walker & P. Higgs (eds.),
Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth
(2001), pp.128–141, G. Hölbl,
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(trans. T. Saavedra) (2001), pp.271–285 and 289–293, Grant (1972), pp.99–100, and Tyldesley (2009), pp.121–122 and 125 –126.

¹⁴
Plutarch,
Of Isis and Osiris,
with discussion in Tyldesley (2009), pp.113–118, Grant (1972), pp.117–120, Goudchaux (2001), pp.130–131 and 133–137, and Hölbl (2001), pp.289–293.

¹⁵
Grant (1972), pp.103–105, and Tyldesley (2009), pp.144–145; S. Burnstein,
The Reign of Cleopatra
(2004), p. 21, rather overstates Octavian's suspicion of Caesarion at this stage.

XIX V
ENGEANCE

¹
Dio 47. 8. 3–4.

²
Cornelius Nepos,
Atticus
9. 3–7.

³
Plutarch,
Cicero
48–49,
Antony
20, Appian,
BC
4. 19.

⁴
Cornelius Nepos,
Atticus
10. 4. 4 for the quote (Loeb translation by J. Rolfe).

⁵
See Appian,
BC
4. 40, Dio 47. 7. 4–5, 8. 5.

⁶
For an interesting discussion of the impact of the proscriptions, their presentation and the role of Octavian see A. Powell,
Virgil the Partisan: A Study in the Re-integration of Classics
(2008), pp.55–62, 68–69. For an extreme version of the exoneration of Octavian at the expense of Antony and Lepidus see Velleius Paterculus 2. 66. 67. 4; on Sextus Pompey's rescue of refugees see Appian,
BC
4. 36; on large number of books devoted to the theme of the proscriptions see Appian,
BC
4. 16.

⁷
Appian,
BC
4. 31, Dio 47. 17. 2–4, with J. Osgood,
Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
(2006), pp.82–83.

⁸
Appian,
BC
4. 31–34, with Osgood (2006), pp.84–88.

⁹
Dio 47. 16. 1–5.

¹⁰
Appian,
BC
4. 63–82, Dio 47. 32. 1–35. 6, Josephus,
AJ
14. 271–276,
BJ
1. 218–222, with Osgood (2006), pp.88–94.

¹¹
Dio 47. 25. 3, and for examples M. Crawford,
Roman Republican Coinage
(1974), pp.498 –508.

¹²
R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1960), pp.149–
161
, Powell (2008), pp.51–75; for criticism of Octavian's refusal to honour the
pietas
of others see Suetonius,
Augustus
13. 1–2.

¹³
For example, Appian,
BC
4. 100–101;
BC
5. 17 provides a detailed discussion of soldiers' attitudes, cf. Cornelius Nepos,
Eumenes
8. 2.

¹⁴
Appian,
BC
4. 88, 108; for discussion, but generally accepting a high estimate, see P. Brunt,
Italian Manpower 225
BC—AD
14
(1971), pp.485–488.

¹⁵
Dio 47. 39. 1, contrasting with Appian,
BC
4. 137; for Tiberius see Velleius Paterculus 2. 113.

¹⁶
For this scale of reward see Appian,
BC
4. 100.

¹⁷
Appian,
BC
4. 3.

¹⁸
Appian,
BC
4. 82, 86–87.

¹⁹
Appian,
BC
4. 101–106, Plutarch,
Brutus
37–38.

²⁰
Appian,
BC
4. 107–108, Plutarch,
Brutus
39–40.

²¹
As an example of legionaries being dismayed by the loss of their baggage, see Caesar,
BG
5. 33, contrasted with better discipline at
BG
5. 43 by a different legion.

²²
For the various versions of Octavian's behaviour see Plutarch,
Brutus
41,
Antony
22, Dio 47. 41. 3–4, 46. 2, Velleius Paterculus 2. 70. 1, Suetonius,
Augustus
13. 1, Pliny,
NH
7. 147, with brief discussion in Syme (1960), pp.204–205, Osgood (2006), pp.95–96, and Powell (2008), p. 106.

²³
For the first battle see Appian,
BC
4. 109–114, Plutarch,
Brutus
40–45, Dio 47. 42. 1–47. 1.

²⁴
Appian,
BC
4.
11
5–124, Plutarch,
Brutus
45–48, Dio 47. 47. 2–48. 3.

²⁵
Appian,
BC
4. 125–131, Plutarch,
Brutus
49–52, Dio 47. 48. 1–49. 4.

²⁶
On Brutus' head see Suetonius,
Augustus
13. 1, Dio 47. 49. 2; in general Suetonius,
Augustus
13. 1, Plutarch,
Antony
22, Appian,
BC
4. 135, Velleius Paterculus 2. 86. 2. A useful survey of the different versions of Antony's and Octavian's behaviour can be found in K. Scott, ‘The Political Propaganda of 44–30
BC
',
Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
11 (1933), pp.7–49, esp. 21–23.

²⁷
Gellius,
NA
3. 9. 1–6.

XX D
IONYSUS AND
A
PHRODITE

¹
Plutarch,
Antony
23, Suetonius,
Augustus
13. 3, Appian,
BC
5. 3, Dio 48. 3. 1.

²
See R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1960), pp.206–207.

³
Appian,
BC
5. 3, with P. Brunt,
Italian Manpower 225
BC—AD
14
(1971), pp.488–495.

⁴
Plutarch,
Antony
23,
Brutus
24.

⁵
Plutarch,
Antony
24, Appian,
BC
5. 4–6.

⁶
Plutarch,
Brutus
30,
Antony
24.

⁷
Appian,
BC
5. 7, Dio 49. 32. 3; for Octavian's verse see Martial,
Epigrams
11. 20.

⁸
Josephus,
AJ
14. 314–316, and 14. 301–31 (quotes from Loeb translation); see also J. Osgood,
Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
(2006), pp.105– 106.

⁹
E. Sch¨rer, G. Vermes & F. Millar,
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ,
Vol. 1 (1973), pp.277–279.

¹⁰
‘No mean city', from Acts 21. 39.

¹¹
M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), p. 111, referring to Strabo,
Geog.
14. 1. 23; confirming the rights of the temple at Ephesus see R. Sherk,
Roman Documents from the Greek East
(1969), no. 57.

¹²
Plutarch,
Antony
25; on Dellius see Syme (1960), p. 214;p. 265 cites Strabo,
Geog.
11. 13. 3, where it is noted that Dellius wrote an account of Antony's expedition to Media.

¹³
Plutarch,
Antony
26 (Oxford translation by R. Waterfield).

¹⁴
P. Green,
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
(1990), p. 663 for quote.

¹⁵
Plutarch,
Antony
26–27, Appian,
BC
5. 1, 8–9, Dio 48. 24. 2, with Grant (1972), pp.111–118, G. Hölbl,
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(trans. T. Saavedra) (2001), pp.240–241, J. Tyldesley,
Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt
(2009), pp.149–152, and J. Fletcher,
Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend
(2008), pp.235–241.

¹⁶
Plutarch,
Antony
25.

¹⁷
Josephus,
AJ
15. 89, Appian,
BC
5. 9, Dio 48. 24. 2. 1 am very grateful to Dr Dorothy King for pointing out to me the problems of associating the tomb at Ephesus with Arsinoe, or indeed the Ptolemies at all, on the basis of a supposed similarity to the Pharos, and also for providing me with a copy of her unpublished Ph D. thesis, D. King, ‘The Sculptural Decoration of the Doric Order, ca. 375–31
BC
' (King's College London, 2000).

¹⁸
Plutarch,
Antony
28–29, Appian,
BC
5.
II;
for Arsinoe III helping to lead the Ptolemaic army at Raphia see Polybius 5. 83. 3; the importance of horses and hunting to the Greek and Roman aristocracies is well brought out in R. Lane Fox,
The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian
(2006),
passim.

¹⁹
Plutarch,
Antony
29.

²⁰
For the importance of dice (
alea
), and the associations with decadence and poor character for Romans in this era see N. Purcell, ‘Literate Games: Roman Urban Society and the Game of
Alea', Past & Present
147 (1995), pp.3–37; for the self-dubbed ‘Parasite' see
OGIS
195, discussed in P. Fraser, ‘Mark Antony in Alexandria — A Note',
JRS
47 (1957), pp.71–74.

²¹
Plutarch,
Antony
28.

²²
Athenaeus,
Epitome
4. 147 ff., citing Socrates of Rhodes for the feasts at Tarsus; on golden chamber pots see Pliny,
NH
33. 49.

²³
Plutarch,
Antony
29.

XXI C
RISIS

¹
J. Osgood,
Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
(2006), pp.108 –151.

²
On the Perusine War see Appian,
BC
5. 12 –51, Dio 48. 5. 1 –14. 6, Plutarch,
Antony
30, Velleius Paterculus 2. 74–76, with discussions in E. Gabba, ‘The Perusine War and Triumviral Italy,
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
75 (1971), pp.139–160, R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1960), pp.207–212, Osgood (2006), pp.152–172, and C. Pelling in
CAH
²
X, pp.14–17.

³
Appian,
BC
5. 52 –53, Dio 48. 52. –3, 16. 3.

⁴
Appian,
BC
5. 52.

⁵
Plutarch,
Antony
30, Appian,
BC
5. 51, 54–55, 59.

⁶
Appian,
BC
5. 55, Velleius Paterculus 2. 76.