At Canaan's Edge (148 page)

hosted preliminary negotiations: Ibid., pp. 385–86; Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
pp. 208–9; NYT, July 12, 1966, p. 26.

drills for five hundred nonviolent volunteers: Ralph,
Northern,
p. 114.

a pothole intervened: Ralph,
Northern,
p. 109ff; Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 212ff; SC, July 23–24, p. 2; Cohen and Taylor,
Pharaoh,
p. 387; NYT, July 13, 1966, p. 1.

detoured around jolting sights: King,
My Life,
p. 285ff.

release of six battered teenagers: MLK transcript, “West Side Riots,” July 12, 1966, A/KS. “I think seven were originally arrested, and all of them were beaten. I went to the jail. This was in the jail. We went to the jail. They said to me as I talked with some of the groups that were very angry at that time, that if I could bring the fellows who had been arrested to them, that they would go home and end the disturbance. I said well if you wait right here, I'll go on down to the police station…and there we talked with the commander and were able to get them out on their own recognizance and took them back to the scene, I mean to the church.”

“It's like improving the food”: MLK transcript, “I Need Victories,” July 12, 1966, A/KS.

Hundreds of young people stalked out: Ralph,
Northern,
p. 110; Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 211.

At a roadblock of garbage cans: Bernard O. Brown, “WSO and the Riot on the Near West Side,” LCMOC folder, West Side Christian Parish Papers, CHS.

refit the water hydrants: Ralph,
Northern,
p. 110.

sniper shots jumped a mile to housing projects: Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 212.

more serious riots were spreading: “Armed Negroes Fight the Police in Chicago Riots,” NYT, July 15, 1966, p. 1; Chicago LHM dated July 19, 1966, press summary, FSC-NR, p. 4.

“Get away from that window”: King,
My Life,
p. 289.

claimed two fatalities:
Jet,
July 28, 1966, pp. 6–13; Cohen and Taylor,
Pharaoh,
pp. 389–90.

He blamed King's staff: Ibid.;
Chicago Tribune,
July 16, 1966, p. 1; Reynolds,
Jesse Jackson,
p. 58.

“Doctor King, I want to make”: Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 214.

“Now there was a program”: Ibid., p. 215.

“We don't need sprinklers”: “Troops Restoring Order in Chicago Negro Ghetto; 2 Dead, 57 Hurt in Rioting,” NYT, July 16, 1966, p. 1.

dispatched two top assistants: Joe Califano to LBJ, 3:00
P.M.
, July 15, 1966, and Joe Califano to LBJ, 6:15
P.M.
, July 15, 1966, EX HU, Box 26, LBJ. “John Doar is in Chicago, as well as Roger Wilkins,” Califano advised in the second memo. “I have talked to the various Cabinet Officers involved and told them that Katzenbach would be coordinating the Government's efforts.”

a miniature Watts: Ralph,
Northern,
p. 112.

John Doar and Roger Wilkins: Wilkins,
Life,
p. 208; Garrow,
Bearing,
p. 496.

diverted from a canoe vacation: Int. John Doar, May 12, 1986.

“four
hot
hours”:
Citizen King,
a Roja Production for
The American Experience,
PBS, 2004.

leader of the Roman Saints: “Chicago Calmer as Gangs Agree to End Violence/ Youths Heed Dr. King's Plea to Shift Tactics in Efforts to Achieve Their Aims,” NYT, July 17, 1966, p. 1.

Internal deliberations reeled: Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 233.

Stanley Levison thought most Americans: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation between Stanley Levison and Andrew Young, 12:13
A.M.
, July 15, 1966, FLNY-9-1001.

King bemoaned the prior delays: Ralph,
Northern,
p. 113.

extra 650 deaths: “Record Hot Spell Lingers at 101; Death Rate Rises,” NYT, July 14, 1966, p. 1.

eight student nurses systematically bound: “Survivor Says Killer of 8 Lulled Fears of Victims,” NYT, July 16, 1966, p. 1.

mounted rebuilding demonstrations: Garrow, ed.,
Chicago 1966,
pp. 20–21.

“We must move on”: Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 219.

“He's a goddam faker”: LBJ phone call with Richard J. Daley, 7:10
P.M.
, July 19, 1966, Cit. 10414-15, Audiotape WH6607.02, LBJ.

he opposed the war: Cohen and Taylor,
Pharaoh,
pp. 445–50.

King called for an all-night vigil: Ralph,
Northern,
p. 119.

argued for a respite instead: Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
pp. 221–23.

“All housing should be available”: Mary Lou Finley, “The Open Housing Marches Chicago Summer 1966,” in Garrow, ed.,
Chicago 1966,
p. 12.

debates essentially deferred to James Bevel: Ibid., pp. 6–12; Ralph,
Northern,
pp. 99–101.

cellmate Bernard Lafayette: Branch,
Parting,
pp. 412, 483–87; Branch,
Pillar,
pp. 53–56, 63–66, 81–84.

test nonviolent methods in Chicago: Int. Kale Williams, Feb. 21, 1985; int. James Lawson, Mar. 26, 1991; int. Bernard Lafayette, May 28, 1990.

yielded piecemeal results: Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 217;
Jet,
Dec. 29, 1966, pp. 14–19.

Lafayette called the inner boundaries: Blackstone Productions, Inc.,
Eyes on the Prize II, America at the Racial Crossroads—1965 to 1985,
Vol. 2, “Two Societies (1965–68)”; int. Bernard Lafayette, May 28, 1990.

Studies by his American Friends Service Committee colleagues: Cf. Bill Moyer,
An Analysis of the System of Housing Negroes in Chicago,
Feb. 18, 1966, West Side Christian Parish, LCMOC folder, CHS.

“All we are asking”: Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 217.

fifty volunteers set up Friday: Garrow,
Bearing,
p. 498; Garrow, ed.,
Chicago 1966,
p. 24; Cohen and Taylor,
Pharaoh,
p. 393; Marx to “dear friend,” Aug. 6, 1966, Courtesy of Jane Ramsey; int. Robert J. Marx, Sept. 19, 2005.

A column of 250: Ralph,
Northern,
p. 120; Cohen and Taylor,
Pharaoh,
pp. 392–93.

crescendo of neighborhood fury: Ibid.; “54 Hurt as Whites in Chicago Hurl Bricks at Rights Marchers,” NYT, Aug. 1, 1966, p. 1; Karen Koko, “Chicago's Race March—A Walk on the Wild Side,”
National Catholic Reporter,
Aug. 10, 1966, p. 1; “Dr. King Calls Chicago Police Lax in March Duty,” NYT, Aug. 2, 1966, p. 12;
Jet,
Aug. 18, 1966, pp. 52–55; Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
pp. 223–24; Garrow, ed.,
Chicago 1966,
pp. 63–64.

When a captain persuaded Raby: “Information Report, 8th District, 1 Aug. '66, 0030 Hours,” File 940, RS, CHS.

Andrew Young saw the taillights: Young,
Burden,
p. 413.

“I don't know”: Blackstone Productions, Inc.,
Eyes on the Prize II, America at the Racial Crossroads—1965 to 1985,
Vol. 2, “Two Societies (1965–68).”

Rabbi Robert J. Marx:
Jet,
Sept. 8, 1966, pp. 46–47; Ralph,
Northern,
pp. 122–23.

“baited into a near-riot”:
Chicago Tribune,
Aug. 5, 1966, cited in Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 228.

community violence would only backfire: Ralph,
Northern,
pp. 129–30; Cohen and Taylor,
Pharaoh,
pp. 393–94.

The mayor sent his black alderman: Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
pp. 226–27.

mass meeting of 1,700 people: Garrow,
Bearing,
p. 499.

“If there is any doubt”: Speech excerpts, “MLK Rally with Mahalia Jackson,” Aug. 4, 1966, A/KS.

On Friday afternoon, August 5: Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 228; Garrow,
Bearing,
pp. 499–500; Ralph,
Northern,
pp. 123–25; Oates,
Trumpet,
p. 414.

staggered King to the pavement:
Citizen King,
a Roja Production for
The American Experience,
PBS, 2004; Blackstone Productions, Inc.,
Eyes on the Prize II, America at the Racial Crossroads—1965 to 1985,
Vol. 2, “Two Societies (1965–68).”

“There are at least twenty five hundred”: Gene Roberts, “Rock Hits Dr. King as Whites Attack March in Chicago,” NYT, Aug. 6, 1966, p. 1.

an undercover officer in one reported: Investigator's report dated Aug. 8, 1966, for Aug. 5 incident, File 940, RS, CHS.

Women poured sugar: Cohen and Taylor,
Pharaoh,
p. 396.

“The reinforcements came running”: NYT, Aug. 6, 1966, p. 52.

King consoled a stunned: Investigators' reports dated Aug. 5 and 9, 1966, for Aug. 5 incident, File 940, RS, CHS.

“I have never in my life”:
Jet,
Aug. 25, 1966, pp. 14–23; NYT, Aug. 7, 1966, p. 47.

gang marshals had batted down: NYT, Aug. 1, 1966, p. 1.

“I saw their noses being broken”: Ralph,
Northern,
p. 137.

threatened to shoot Bevel: Investigator's report dated Aug. 2, 1966, File 940, RS, CHS.

closed New Friendship Baptist: Ralph,
Northern,
pp. 137–38; Garrow, ed.,
Chicago 1966,
p. 16.

arraignment of Richard Speck: Breo and Martin,
Crime,
pp. 175–76.

helped save his life for trial: Ibid., pp. 106–26.

barricaded sniper Charles Whitman: Lavergne,
Sniper,
pp. ix–xvii.

“I don't really understand myself”: Ibid., pp. 112–14.

“to have fun like the guys”: Ibid., pp. 320–21.

Crime statisticians soon added: Ibid., pp. 327–28.

The news from Texas eclipsed: Ibid., pp. 294–95; Johnson,
Diary,
pp. 406–11.

“crime of the century”: Breo and Martin,
Crime,
pp. 17, 73, 79.

King answered questions: WLBT news film, Aug. 8, 1966, Tape 3243/F2291, MDAH.

Neshoba County Fair: WLBT news film, August 3–4, 1966, Tapes 3225–36/F2274, MDAH.

“I flew over the scene”: Ibid.;
Jackson Daily News,
Aug. 4, 1966, p. 10, attached in FBI files to Hoover memo of Aug. 11, 1966, FSC-1547.

keynote speaker, Edward Kennedy: Garrow,
Bearing,
p. 501; int. Edward Kennedy, April 12, 2004; int. William vanden Heuvel, Aug. 2, 2004.

FBI agents estimated three hundred pounds: SAC, Jackson, to Director, Aug. 9, 1966, FSC-1544.

“a young man on the way up”: MLK introduction, Aug. 8, 1966, with handwritten changes, A/KS.

They stood to cheer when Kennedy asked: SC, Aug. 13–14, 1966, p. 1; LAT, Aug. 9, 1966; SP, Sept. 1966, p. 4.

A high fever sent King: Garrow,
Bearing,
pp. 500–501.

“his virus, the one he always got”: Abernathy,
Walls,
p. 382; NYT, Aug. 11, 1966, p. 23.

“We're at a real turn”: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation between MLK and Stanley Levison, 7:56
P.M.
, Aug. 13, 1966, FLNY-9-1030a.

“Chicago has proven”: MLK, President's Annual Report, Aug. 10, 1966, A/KS11.

ratified Al Lowenstein and Charles Morgan: Garrow,
Bearing,
pp. 500–501.

“non-existent structural and organizational foundations”: MLK to Randolph T. Blackwell, Aug. 16, 1966, A/KP28f23. “These growing pains are still with us,” King added in his farewell letter to Blackwell, “and they will probably last until we have the courage and aggressiveness to meet them head-on. So if we did not provide every aspect of the harmony that you expected, I do hope that you gained consolation from the fact that you started a process that will continue to lead us in the right direction.”