At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (64 page)

62.
William Howitt,
The Rural Life of England
(1844; rpt. edn., Shannon, Ire., 1972), 238; Pierre-Jakez Hélias,
The Horse of Pride: Life in a Breton Village
, trans. June Guicharnaud (New Haven, 1978), 73–74; George Peele,
The Old Wive’s Tale
(London, 1595).

63.
Jean-Louis Flandrin,
Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household and Sexuality
, trans. Richard Southern (Cambridge, 1979), 108–109.

64.
Breton,
Works
, II, 10; Medick, “Spinning Bees,” 334;
Paroimiographia
(Italian), 7; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 257.

65.
Medick, “Spinning Bees,” 334; Martine Segalen,
Love and Power in the Peasant Family: Rural France in the Nineteenth Century
, trans. Sarah Matthews (Chicago, 1983), 126; Madeline Jeay, ed.,
Les Évangiles des Quenouilles
... (Paris, 1985), passim; Verdon,
Night
, 121–122; Rozsika Parker,
The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine
(London, 1984), 98.

66.
Rudolph M. Bell,
How to Do It: Guides to Good Living for Renaissance Italians
(Chicago, 1999), 249; Medick, “Spinning Bees,” 333, 331; Lyndal Roper,
The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg
(Oxford, 1989), 179.

67.
SAS
, VIII, 417; Bell,
Peasantry of Ireland
, 20–21; Harvey Mitchell, “The World between the Literate and Oral Traditions in Eighteenth-Century France: Ecclesiastical Instructions and Popular Mentalities,” in Roseann Runte, ed.,
Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture: Volume 8
(Madison, Wisc., 1979), 55; Jean-Michel Boehler,
La Paysannerie de la Plaine d’Alsace
(Strasbourg, 1995), II, 1963.

CHAPTER SEVEN

1.
Mercier,
The Night Cap
(Philadelphia, 1788), 4.

2.
RB
, I, 87; Sean Shesgreen,
Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1983), 47.

3.
Jan. 10, 1694,
East Anglian Diaries
, 207, passim; John Holloway, ed.,
The Oxford Book of Local Verses
(Oxford, 1987), 15; Keith Thomas, “Work and Leisure in Pre-Industrial Society,”
PP
29 (1964), 50–62; Peter Burke, “The Invention of Leisure in Early Modern Europe,”
PP
146 (1995), 136–151; Joan-Lluis Marfany, “The Invention of Leisure in Early Modern Europe: Comment,”
PP
156 (1997), 174–192.

4.
John Aubrey,
Aubrey’s Natural History of Wiltshire
(1847; rpt. edn., New York, 1969), 11; Edward Shorter,
The Making of the Modern Family
(New York, 1975), 76.

5.
Sept. 10, 1758, Woodforde,
Diary
, IV, 226, passim; July 26, 1761, Mar. 7, 1758, Turner,
Diary,
232, 141, passim;
ECR
, passim.

6.
Jan. 14, Mar. 14, Nov. 10, 15, 1624, Beck,
Diary
, 32, 61, 203, 206, passim; Jeroen Blaak, “Autobiographical Reading and Writing: The Diary of David Beck (1624),” in Rudolph Dekker, ed.,
Egodocuments and History: Autobiographical Writing in Its Social Context since the Middle Ages
(Hilversum, 2002), 61–87.

7.
Jan. 23, 1662, June 5, 1661, Pepys,
Diary
, III, 17, II, 115, passim.

8.
Clare Williams, trans.,
Thomas Platter’s Travels in England, 1599
(London, 1937), 189; Keith Wrightson, “Alehouses, Order and Reformation in Rural England, 1590–1660,” in Eileen and Stephen Yeo, eds.,
Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590–1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure
(Sussex, Eng., 1981), 10, passim; Burke,
Popular Culture
, 110; Peter Clark,
The English Alehouse: A Social History
(London, 1983), passim; Thomas Brennan,
Public Drinking and Popular Culture in Eighteenth-Century Paris
(Princeton, N.J., 1988); B. Ann Tlusty,
Bacchus and Civic Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern Germany
(Charlottesville, Va., 2001).

9.
Monsieur Sorbiere,
A Voyage to England
... (London, 1709), 62;
LC
, June 6, 1761; William W. Hagen, “Village Life in East-Elbian Germany and Poland, 1400–1800: Subjections, Self-Defence, Survival,” in Tom Scott, ed.,
The Peasantries of Europe: From the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries
(Harlow, Eng., 1998), 146; Wrightson, “Alehouses,” 2; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 19; Hans-Joachim Voth,
Time and Work in England 1750–1830
(Oxford, 2000), 80–81; Brennan,
Public Drinking
, 160–171; Tlusty,
Bacchus
, 150, 158, 187, passim.

10.
OED
, s.v. “kidney”; Daniel Defoe,
The True-Born English-Man
... (London, 1708), 15; L. H. Butterfield et al. eds.,
Diary and Autobiography of John Adams
(Cambridge, Mass., 1961), I, 214;
RB
, I, 414;
LC
, Jan. 23, 1762, 76; A. M.,
The Reformed Gentleman
... (London, 1693), 49;
LE-P
, June 23, 1763; Yves-Marie Bercé,
History of Peasant Revolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in Early Modern France
, trans. Amanda Whitmore (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990), 59.

11.
The Works of Mr. Thomas Brown in Prose and Verse . . .
(London, 1708), 3; May 30, 1760, Butterfield et al., eds.,
Adams Diary and Autobiography
, I, 130; John Addy,
Sin and Society in the Seventeenth Century
(London, 1989), 141; A. Lynn Martin,
Alcohol, Sex, and Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe
(New York, 2001), 89–91;
RB
,
VII, 231; Richard Rawlidge,
A Monster Late Found Out
... (London, 1628), 6.

12.
A Curtaine Lecture
(London, 1638), 7.

13.
David Herlihy,
Cities and Society in Medieval Italy
(London, 1980), 136; Jeffrey R. Watt, “The Impact of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation,” in
FLEMT
, 147–150; Edward Muir,
Ritual in Early Modern Europe
(Cambridge, 1997), 135.

14.
Jan. 6, 1761, Butterfield et al., eds.,
Adams Diary and Autobiography
, I, 195; Sara Mendelson and Particia Crawford,
Women in Early Modern England, 1550–1720
(Oxford, 1998), 119.

15.
Shakespeare,
The Rape of Lucrece
, 674; Ménétra,
Journal
, 37–38, 168. See also Jack Ayres, ed.,
Paupers and Pig Killers: The Diary of William Holland: A Somerset Parson, 1799–1818
(Gloucester, Eng., 1984), 19.

16.
David P. French, comp.,
Minor English Poets, 1660–1780
(New York, 1967), III, 318;
Paroimiographia
(British), 4; John S. Farmer, ed.,
Merry Songs and Ballads Prior to the Year
a.d.
1800
(New York, 1964), IV, 6;
Lusts Dominion; or, the Lascivious Queen
(London, 1657); John Lough,
France Observed in the Seventeenth Century by British Travellers
(Boston, 1985), 119; “A New and Accurate Description of the City of Rome ... ,”
Town and Country Magazine
24 (1792), 261;
ECR
, IX, 29.

17.
Maurice Andrieux,
Daily Life in Venice in the Time of Casanova
, trans. Mary Fitton (London, 1972), 128; Shakespeare,
Romeo and Juliet
, II, 2, 165; Hannah Richards, n.d., Suffolk Court Files #874, Suffolk County Court House, Boston; J. Douglas Porteous,
Landscapes of the Mind: Worlds of Sense and Metaphor
(Toronto, 1990), 7; Takashi Tomita,
Yoru no Shinrijutsu: Hiru Kara Yoru e no Kåodåo, Korkoro no Henka o
(Tokyo, 1986), 13; Darrell L. Butler and Paul M. Biner, “Preferred Lighting Levels: Variability Among Settings, Behaviors, and Individuals,”
Environment and Behavior
19 (1987), 696, 702, 709, 710.

18.
Grose,
Dictionary
; Robert Abbot,
The Young Mans Warning-Piece
... (London, 1657), 35 (taken from Job 24:15); F. Platter,
Journal
, 80; Samuel Rowlands,
The Night-Raven
(London, 1620); Wendy Doniger,
The Bedtrick: Tales of Sex and Masquerade
(Chicago, 2000), passim; Joanne Bailey,
Unquiet Lives: Marriage and Marriage Breakdown in England, 1660–1800
(Cambridge, 2003), 140–167.

19.
Aug. 18, June 2, 1668, Nov. 8, 1665, Apr. 9, 1667, Pepys,
Diary
, IX, 282, 221, VI, 294, VIII, 159, passim; Lawrence Stone,
The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800
(New York, 1977), 552–561.

20.
Frederick J. Furnivall, ed.,
Phillip Stubbes’s Anatomy of the Abuses in England in Shakespeare’s Youth
a.d.
1583
(London, 1877), I, 149; David Cressy,
Birth, Marriage & Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England
(Oxford, 1997), 352; Moryson,
Unpublished Itinerary
, 380.

21.
Brand 1848, II, 229; Clodagh Tait,
Death, Burial and Commemoration in Ireland, 1550–1650
(New York, 2002), 34–35; Cressy,
Birth, Marriage & Death
, 427; Margo Todd,
The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland
(New Haven, 2002), 212–213; Edward MacLysaght,
Irish Life in the Seventeenth Century
(1950; rpt. edn., New York, 1970), 318.

22.
Darryl Ogier, “Night Revels and Werewolfery in Calvinist Guernsey,”
Folklore
109 (1998), 54; Jean-Louis Flandrin,
Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household and Sexuality
, trans. Richard Southern (Cambridge, 1979), 108–109; John McManners,
Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century
France
(Oxford, 1999), II, 203; Steven Ozment,
Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany
(New York, 1999), 208.

23.
Farmer, ed.,
Songs and Ballads
, II, 82; Gloria L. Main,
Peoples of a Spacious Land: Families and Cultures in Colonial New England
(Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 7; C. Scott Dixon,
The Reformation and Rural Society: The Parishes of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603
(Cambridge, 1996), 112, 128; Griffiths,
Youth
, 258;
Paroimiographia
(British), 25; Thomas Willard Robisheaux, “The Origins of Rural Wealth and Poverty in Hohenlohe, 1470–1680” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Virginia, 1981), 170; Sara Tilghman Nalle,
God in La Mancha: Religious Reform and the People of Cuenca, 1500–1650
(Baltimore, 1985), 28–29; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 256.

24.
Aug. 19, 1794, Drinker,
Diary
, I, 584;
The Roving Maids of Aberdeen’s Garland
([Edinburgh?], 1776); Feb. 10, 1873, William Plomer, ed.,
Kilvert’s Diary: Selections from the Diary of the Rev. Francis Kilvert
... (London, 1971), II. 322. See also Charles Woodmason,
The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution
... , ed. Richard J. Hooker (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1953), 100.

25.
Roger Lonsdale,
The New Book of Eighteenth-Century Verse
(Oxford, 1984), 405; George Parfitt and Ralph Houlbrooke, eds.,
The Courtship Narrative of Leonard Wheatcroft, Derbyshire Yeoman
(Reading, Eng., 1986), 52; Émile Guillaumin,
The Life of a Simple Man
, ed. Eugen Weber, trans. Margaret Crosland (Hanover, N.H., 1983), 41, 43–44.

26.
Lochwd,
Ymddiddan Rhwng Mab a Merch, Y’nghylch Myned I Garu yn y Gwely
(n.p., [1800s]), 4.

27.
A Tour in Ireland in 1775
(London, 1776), 103–104; Ernest W. Marwick,
The Folklore of Orkney and Shetland
(Totowa, N.J., 1975), 86; Rosalind Mitchison and Leah Lenman,
Sexuality and Social Control: Scotland, 1660–1780
(Oxford, 1989), 180;
A Tour in Ireland in 1775
(London, 1776), 103. For early America, including not just New England but also New Jersey and Pennsylvania, see Richard Godbeer,
Sexual Revolution in Early America
(Baltimore, 2002), 246–255; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and Lois K. Stabler, “‘Girling of it’ in Eighteenth-Century New Hampshire,”
Annual Proceedings
, Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife (1985), 24–36; “John Hunt’s Diary,”
New Jersey Historical Society Proceedings
53 (1935), 111, 112, 122; John Robert Shaw,
An Autobiography of Thirty Years, 1777–1807
, ed. Oressa M. Teagarden and Jeanne L. Crabtree (Columbus, Ohio, 1992), 108; Bernard Chevignard, “
Les Voyageurs Europeens et la Pratique du ‘Bondelage’ (Bundling) en Nouvelle-Angleterre a la Fin du XVIIIe Siècle
,” in
L’Amerique et l’Europe: Réalities et Représentations
(Aix-en-Provence, 1986), 75–87.

28.
May 5, 1663, William L. Sachse, ed.,
The Diary of Roger Lowe of Ashton-in-Makerfield, Lancashire, 1663–74
(New Haven, 1938), 20, passim;
Reports of Special Assistant Poor Law Commissioners on the Employment of Women and Children in Agriculture
(1843; rpt. edn., New York, 1968), 365; Griffiths,
Youth
, 259–261; Apr. 5, 18, 1765, Turner,
Diary
, 318, 320; Parfitt and Houlbrooke, eds.,
Courtship
, 53, passim.

29.
Tour in Ireland
, 103–104; Rudolf Braun,
Industrialization and Everyday Life
, trans. Sarah Hanbury Tension (Cambridge, 1990), 44; J.-L. Flandrin, “Repression and Change in the Sexual Life of Young People in Medieval and Early Modern Times,” in Robert Wheaton and Tamara K. Hareven, eds.,
Family and Sexuality in French History
(Philadelphia, 1980), 34–35.