Beating the Devil's Game: A History of Forensic Science and Criminal (36 page)

Devaney, June, 280–281

de Veil, Thomas, 19–20

Devine, Kathy, 326

Dew, Walter, 182, 184

Diaz, Luis, 381

Dickens, Charles, 25

digestion and time-of-death, 304, 306–307

digitalis, 92

Dillinger, John, 251

DNA

acceptance in court, 346–348

Amelogenin, 373

challenges to, 348–350

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), 366–367, 382

decalcification to isolate, 372

“DNA Wars” (O. J. Simpson trial), 362–363, 365, 366

ethics and self-policing, 378–382

exonerations from, 353–354, 380–381

first case, DNA only evidence, 350–351

“genetic fingerprinting,” 341–344, 353

mtDNA, 382

National DNA Index System (NDIS), 366

“nuclein,” 94–95

polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 334, 353, 363

DNA (
cont
.)

Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), 356

restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 333, 339, 341, 344, 348, 353, 363

structure of, 290–291

DNA Task Force of the National Association of Criminal Defense Attorneys, 347–348

documentation importance, 11, 40

document examination, 188, 271, 334–337.
See also
handwriting analysis

Dolan, William, 146

Donald, Alexander, 258

Donald, Jeannie, 258, 259, 260

Dorsey, George, 162

Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 117

Dow, Willis (William Dorr), 197–198

Doyle, Conan, 114, 116–117, 118, 152

Doyle
v.
State,
291–292

Draper, Frank, 147

Dreyfuss, Alfred, 158–159

drownings, 98, 187–188

Drugfire, 359

Drummond, William, 63

dry plate photography, 83–84

Dubois, Jean-Pierre, 36

Dugdale, Richard L., 101–102

Dumas, Alexandre, 41

Duncan, Andrew and Andrew Jr., 27–28

Dupin, M. Auguste, 117

Durand-Deacon, Olive, 273–275

“Düsseldorf Doubles Killer,” 292–293

dust as evidence, 139, 192, 194

Eady, Muriel Amelia, 287–288

“earprint testimony,” 382–383

Eberling, Richard, 309–310, 311

École des Hautes Études, 89

École Royale Militaire, 74

Edinburgh Medical Journal,
114

Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,
48

Edinburgh University, 259, 261

Egypt, 2, 4–5, 233

Electronic Sensor Technology, 384–385

electrostatic detection apparatus, 320–321

Elliott, Robert G., 258

Ellis, Havelock, 139

England, 19–23, 27–31, 39–40, 46–49, 59, 63–64, 76, 82, 199

English Bobbies (Peelers), 47, 63

enterprising detectives, 65–68

entomology (forensic)

cadavers and, 18–19, 78–79, 261–262, 331–332

larvae on corpse, 109

stages of insect infestation, 78–79, 262, 302

environment and criminality, 101–102

Eraistratus, 3

Essays on Crimes and Punishment (Trattato dei délitti è ella pèna)
(Beccaria), 22

ethics and self-policing, 378–384

Ethyl Corporation, 268

Evans, Timothy, 286–287, 289

“every contact leaves a trace,” 207

evidence

analysis, 291–296

analysis and cameras in the courtroom, 359–366

emphasis on, 77–79, 213–222

evolutionary theory, 85, 101–102

examinations, 9–10, 10–11

expert witnesses

debates about, 26, 45, 165–166

defense and prosecution, same experts for, 72–73

distrust of, 43, 49, 165–166

lucrative arena of, 165, 166

mistakes, 57, 81–82, 86, 205, 212–213

eyeglasses, 17–18

eyes (closed or open) and death (natural or violent), 129

eyewitness testimony, faulty, 173, 207–208, 354, 381

Eyraud, Michel, 134, 136

facial characteristics of criminals, 89–90

false reactions, toxicology, 75

family histories of criminals, 138

Farren, Edward J., 93

Farrow, Thomas, 174

Farwell, Lawrence, 375–376

Fauchard, Pierre, 42

Faulds, Henry, 103–104, 119, 125, 172, 175

Fauna of the Cadavers
(Mégnin), 79

Fauna of the Tombs
(Mégnin), 79

Faune des cadavers: Application de l’entomologie a la medicine Legale, La
(Mégnin), 109

Faurot, Joseph A., 196, 198, 205, 220

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), 319, 345, 367

Behavioral Science Unit (BSU), 319

Body Farm and, 332

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), 366–367, 382

Crime Analysis and Criminal Personality Profiling Program, 320

Criminological Laboratory, 240

Drugfire, 359

globalization and, 384

National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC), 345

National Crime Information Center (NCIC), 311–312

National DNA Index System (NDIS), 366

National Integrated Ballistics Network, 367

origins of, 230

polygraph and, 228

restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) lab, 348

Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP), 344, 367

Fedele, Fortunato, 16

Federal Bureau of Investigation.
See
FBI

Federal Rules of Evidence, 357

Feldhof Asylum, 110

females in forensic sciences, 65–66, 279–280

fiber analysis

evidence, 179–180, 223, 259–260, 338–339

microscopes, 194, 197–198, 266, 358–359

spectrophotometer, 179

Fidelity Mutual Life Association, 151

Field Columbian Museum, 162

Fielding, Sir Henry, 20–21

Fielding, Sir John, 20, 21, 23

Filbert, Margarethe, 178–179

Finch, Stanley, 188

fingernails, 179, 180, 193

fingerprints

acceptance of, 173–174, 174–175, 176, 195–196, 199

American court, first fingerprint evidence admitted into, 195–196

ancient societies and, 2–3

anthropometry vs., 173

Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), 319, 345, 367

bertillonage
vs., 124–126, 163–164, 171, 196–197

dactyloscopy, 127

dissimilarities between prints due to different pressure, 176

electrostatic detection apparatus, 320–321

FBI, national depository of, 214, 240

ghosts, fingerprinting, 299–300

identification from, 28, 40, 43, 84

latent prints, 320

males (all over sixteen) in a town, 281

mistakes, 215, 220

nonvalue patterns (arches and loops), 127

pattern ridges, 16

pickpockets from Derby in Epsom, 171–172

poroscopy, 191, 194–195

powders to make visible, 103–104

removal of skin for, 282

ridge counting to sort patterns, 163

scientific basis of, 176, 199

Scotland Yard and, 163

severed hands, 261, 263

surgical removal of finger tips, 251

value patterns (whorls), 127

Videofile, 319

Finger Prints
(Galton), 125

Finnemore, Justice, 289

Fiorenza, John, 266–267

firearms and ballistics

automated ballistics system, 359

Brasscatcher, 359

bullet fingerprint, 227

Bulletproof, 359

bullets, marks on, 40, 48, 132, 162, 171, 198, 201, 204, 205, 206

cataloging of all weapons manufactured, 206–207

chemical composition of fragments, 95

comparison tests done with suspect weapon, 236–237, 238, 239, 240

dead hand, made to grasp, 129

Drugfire, 359

gunshot residue test, 240

gun (specific) used in murder (first time proved in court), 171

John F. Kennedy’s assassination, 322, 323–324

microscopes and, 206–207, 213

mistakes, 205, 212–213

National Integrated Ballistics Network, 367

staged suicide-by-gunshot, 128–129

standard procedure, 204–207, 210–213

wound analysis, 15, 234, 236–237

First American Medicolegal Congress, 275–278

Fisch, Isador, 252, 253, 256

Fischer, John H., 207

Fish, Albert (Frank Howard), 264–266

Fisher, C. Lloyd, 253–254

Fletcher, Tony, 299–300

Floyd, Pretty Boy, 251

“Footpath Murderer” (Colin Pitchfork), 340, 342–343, 353

footprints (shoeprints)

evidence, 304, 305, 352

mistakes made, 243, 256

O. J. Simpson case, 360–361, 365

plaster of Paris for preserving, 40

“Ford Heights Four,” 381

forensic anthropology.
See
anthropology

forensic botany, 98

forensic entomology.
See
entomology

forensic odontology.
See
odontology

forensic photography.
See
photography

forensic science, xiv–xx.
See also
anthropology; blood analysis (serology); DNA; entomology; expert witnesses; fiber analysis; fingerprints; firearms and ballistics; footprints (shoeprints); hair analysis; handwriting analysis; lie detection (polygraph); microscopy; odontology; photography; toxicology (poisoning)

changing shifts: from spies to investigators, 27–58

criminally insane, study of, xix–xx

forensic science firsts, 1–26

future of, 370–385

hypothesis, xvi–xvii

identification (making), priority of, xv

integrated investigating, 270–300

judges and juries, 59–86, 346–348, 357–358

labs, 167–200

legal process and, xiv–xvi

media and public interest, xiv, 119–120, 242–269, 359–366, 366–369

motive, anatomies of, 114–140

outer man, inner man, 87–113

practical science, 301–332

science, emergence of, xiv–xvi

scientific methodology, xvi–xviii

shake-up in identification, 333–369

standard procedure, 201–241

voices of authority, 141–166

Forensic Science Associates (FSA), 353

forensic science firsts, 1–26

Forensic Science Institute, 27

forensic sculptors, 159, 203, 263–264, 267–268

Forensic Technology, 359

forgeproof paper, 40

forgeries, 334–337, 339

Forster, T.I.M., 61

Forty Years of Murder
(Simpson), 302

Foster, Doug, 320–321

Fougnies, Gustave and Lydie, 73–75

Fowler, Lorenzo and Orson, 109

Fox, Frederick, 174

France, 15, 31–32, 32–43, 43–44, 54–55, 66, 128, 160

Franklin, Rosalind, 290

Franks, Bobby, 231–233

Freeman, Bob, 320–321

free will vs. insanity, 63

Frei-Sultzer, Max, 335

Freud, Sigmund, 233

Froest, Frank, 181

Frye, James T., 229

Frye
v.
United States,
229, 346–347, 357–358

Fuerst, Ruth Margarete, 287

Fuhrman, Mark, 360, 364

Furlong, Robert, 53

Futrelle, Jacques, 189

future of forensic science, 370–385

Gafoor, Jeffrey, 379

Galileo, 14, 18

Gall, Franz Joseph, 26, 61

Galton, Francis, 104, 125, 127, 163

gamesman, 151–158

Gardner, Margery, 272

Garson, John, 175–176

gas chromatograph, 384–385

gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), 319

Gay, George, 70

Geist, Louise, 218

“general acceptance” of new scientific technology, 346–348, 357

General Electric Co.
v.
Joiner,
358

“genetic fingerprinting,” 341–344, 353

genetics and criminality, 90–91, 101–102

Gerasimov, Mikhail, 267

Gerdes, John, 363

Gerlikovski, Marvin, 318

Germany, 76, 84, 251

Gettler, Alexander, 266

Gettysburg, 94

Geyer, Frank, 152–158

ghosts, fingerprinting, 299–300

Gibson, Jane (“Pig Woman”), 217–218, 220

Gill, Augustus, 212, 213

Gladstone, Herbert, 180–181

Glaister, John, 43, 236, 261, 262, 264

Glaser, Judge, 28

globalization, 384–385

Goddard, Calvin, 213, 239–240

Goddard, Henry, 47–48, 93

Godon, Eduard Charles, 120

Goldman, Ronald Lyle, xiii, 360

Gonzales, Thomas, 240

Goron, Marie-François, 133–135, 136

Gorringe, Mrs., 273

Gouffê, Toussaint-Augsent, 133–134, 134–136

Gourbin, Émile, 193–194

Gradwohl, Rutherford B. H., 276, 277

Gravelle, Philip O., 207

gravity, 14

Great Depression, 243

“Great Exposition of the Works of Industry of All Nations,” 76

Gregory IX (Pope), 8

Gresham Life Assurance Company, 93

Griffiths, Peter, 281

Gross, Hans, 138–140, 178, 190

Gross, Samuel, 46

Gruner & Jahr, 334

Guide to the Identification of Human Skeletal Material
(Krogman), 267

Gutenberg, Johann, 14

Gutteridge, George, 238

Guy’s Hospital Medical School, 82

Hadler, Sarah, 59–60

Hahnemann, Samuel, 24–25

Haigh, John George, 273–275

hair analysis

evidence, 133–135, 178–179, 259, 295–296

first significant study of, 188

hair analysis (
cont
.)

microscope and, 214–215

O. J. Simpson case, 361

studies on, 43

Hairs of Mammalia from the Medico-Legal Aspect (Glaister), 43

Hall, Edward, 186

Hall, Edward Wheeler, 215–222

Hall, James, 20

Hamilton, Albert, 204, 205, 212, 213

Hamilton, Dawn, 351–352

Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter (Gross), 139

handwriting analysis.
See also
questioned documents

distrust of, 158–159, 163

early stages of, 40

electrostatic detection apparatus, 320–321

evidence, 71–72, 223, 224, 225, 264, 265

first study on, 16