Berlin 1961 (80 page)

Lippmann savored his access:
Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
, 419, 445; Barry D. Riccio,
Walter Lippmann: Odyssey of a Liberal
. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1994, 46–47.

During a lunch break: Washington Post
, 04/19/1961.

A German solution:
Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
, 527–528.

Khrushchev laid out his Berlin:
Walter Lippmann Papers. Soviet transcript of conversation between Khrushchev and Lippmann, 10 April 1961, New Haven, CT: Yale University, Sterling Memorial Library, Series VII, Box 239; Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
, 3, 203; Vladislav M. Zubok, “Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958–1962),” CWIHP Working Paper No. 6, May 1993, 21–23; Taubman,
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
, 490–491.

Khrushchev told Lippmann:
Zubok, “Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958–1962),” CWIHP Working Paper No. 6, 22; Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 111.

Khrushchev said he was ready:
Walter Lippmann Papers. Soviet transcript of conversation between Khrushchev and Lippmann, April 10, 1961, Yale University; Taubman,
Khrushchev
, 490–491; Deborah Welch Larson
Anatomy of Mistrust: U.S.–Soviet Relations During the Cold War
. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000, 287.

Khrushchev had only one question: Pravda
, April 13, 1961, 2; Sergei N. Khrushchev,
Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower.
University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000, 432; Taubman,
Khrushchev
, 490–491; Sergei N. Khrushchev,
Krizisy i Rakety
, vol. 2, 100–101.

Yes, Korolyov declared:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qfz5B2uERcE.

Khrushchev exulted to:
Taubman,
Khrushchev
, 491; Sergei N. Khrushchev,
Krizisy i Rakety
, vol. 2, 100–101; Sergei N. Khrushchev,
Creation of a Superpower
, 432–433.

The Soviet leader ordered:
Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali,
Khrushchev’s Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary
. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006, 346. (At a Presidium meeting in June 1961, Khrushchev discussed the problem of collapsing balconies. See stenographic account, June 16, 1961, TsK KPSS); Sergei N. Khrushchev,
Creation of a Superpower
, 433–434.

From atop the Lenin:
Taubman,
Khrushchev
, 492.

Kennedy had told Brandt:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 10; JFKL, Memcon, Meeting Kennedy–Brandt at White House, Washington, March 13, 1961, 3–3:40 p.m., Subject: Germany and Berlin, National Security Files (NSF), Germany, Confidential, drafted by Foy Kohler and approved by the White House on March 23, 1961.

Brandt joined the list:
Ibid.; Briefing Paper for meeting, transmitted by Rusk to the President on March 10, 1961, in Department of State, Central Files, 762.00/3–1061; Memcon, Brandt–Rusk covering similar topics, March 14, 1961, in Department of State, Central Files, 762.0221/3-1461. For Brandt’s account of his conversation with the president and visit to Washington, see Willy Brandt,
Begegnungen und Einsichten, Die Jahre 1960–1975.
Hamburg: Hoffmann u. Campe, 1976, 17–18, 80–83.

Brandt had used his forty minutes:
Willy Brandt,
Begegnungen mit Kennedy
. Munich: Kindler, 1964, 49–45.

Brandt was relieved: Wall Street Journal
,
Washington Post
,
New York Times
,
Christian Science Monitor
, 03/14/1961.

A month later, Kennedy’s conversations:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 17.

Adenauer delivered an elderly man’s: New York Times
, 2/17/1961.

Kennedy said he was concerned:
FRUS, at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/xiv/15854.htm 9. Memorandum of Conversation/1/Washington, March 10, 1961; Source: JFKL, NSF, Germany, Confidential, drafted by Kohler and approved by the White House on March 20; ibid., Doc. 10: Memcon, Washington, March 13, 1961, 3–3:40 p.m.; Bundesarchiv, Kabinettsprotokolle Online “1. Deutsche Maßnahmen zur Entlastung der US Zahlungsbilanz” retrieved from http://www.bundesarchiv.de.

The communiqué:
Williams,
Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany
, 490; FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 9, 10; Konrad Adenauer,
Erinnerungen 1959–1963.
Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1968, 91–97.

The correspondent of the German magazine: Der Spiegel
, 04/12/1961, 04/19/1961.

At the end of the visit: Christian Science Monitor
, 04/14/1961.

Little noticed was Adenauer’s: Washington Post
, 04/14/1961.

Johnson’s central Texas: Christian Science Monitor
, 04/17/1961.

When Adenauer visited:
Poppinga, “Das Wichtigste ist der Mut”:
Konrad Adenauer
, 297.

With star German reporters:
Schwarz,
Konrad Adenauer
, vol. 1, 519.

On their drive to the airport:
Poppinga,
“Das Wichtigste ist der Mut”: Konrad Adenauer
, 297; Schwarz,
Konrad Adenauer
, vol. 1, 519–520.

With Adenauer safely back:
“The Presidency: Interlude,”
Time
, 04/28/1961; Sidey,
JFK
, 131; Peter Wyden,
Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979, 269–270.

Two days earlier, eight B-26 bombers:
Wyden,
Bay of Pigs
, 184–185; Howard Jones,
The Bay of Pigs
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, 76–77, 100–102; also see for chronology of events: National Security Archive, “The Bay of Pigs—40 Years After,” April 15–18, 1961: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html.

Castro’s fighters sank:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. X, Cuba, 1961–1962, Doc. 109, 119; The National Security Archive, “The Bay of Pigs—40 Years After,” April 15–18, 1961.

Most of the military brass:
Jones,
The Bay of Pigs
, 76–77, 96;

Most important at the meeting:
JFKL,
Richard M. Bissell OH
; JFKL, POF, Bundy to JFK, February 25, 1961, Staff Memoranda, Box 62; Evan Thomas,
The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995, 237, 240; “Nation: When It’s in the News, It’s in Trouble” and “Cuba: The Massacre,”
Time
, 04/28/1961; Lawrence Freedman,
Kennedy’s Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, 124–126; Harris Wofford,
Of Kennedys and Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties.
New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1980, 362.

Now working for Kennedy:
Wyden,
Bay of Pigs
, 139; Richard M. Bissell, Jonathan E. Lewis, and Frances T. Pudlo.
Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs
. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996, 190.

Kennedy had never questioned:
Gus Russo,
Live by the Sword: The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK
. Baltimore: Bancroft Press, 1998, 13–15; Jones,
The Bay of Pigs
, 38, 76–78, 96, 100–102.

Also, leaks had been:
Russo,
Live by the Sword
, 16.

The April 17 invasion:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. VI, Kennedy–Khrushchev Exchanges, Doc. 9.

Khrushchev wasn’t buying Kennedy’s:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. VI, Kennedy–Khrushchev Exchanges, Doc. 9.

Kennedy had responded:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. VI, Kennedy–Khrushchev Exchanges, Doc. 10.

With that exchange:
Bissell,
Reflections of a Cold Warrior
, 189; Laurence Leamer,
The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963
. New York: HarperCollins, 2001, 501, 508.

Just six days earlier:
Thomas,
The Very Best Men
, 253; Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 114; Leamer,
The Kennedy Men: 1909–1963
, 501, 508; “Nation: Bitter Week,”
Time
, 04/28/1961; Wofford,
Of Kennedys and Kings
. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1980, 347–348.

If the president:
E. B. Potter,
Admiral Arleigh A. Burke.
Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2005; Gordon M. Goldstein,
Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam
. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt, 2008, 39; Sidey,
JFK
, 110; Wyden,
Bay of Pigs
, 270–271.

Kennedy ended the three-hour:
Wyden,
Bay of Pigs
, 271; https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/agency-andthe-hill/12-The%20Agency%20and%20the%20Hill_Part2-Chapter9.pdf: chapter 9,
Oversight of Covert Action
, 268.

Acheson immediately grasped:
JFKL,
Dean G. Acheson OH
; Chace,
Acheson
, 387.

Speaking before diplomats:
Brinkley,
Dean Acheson
, 127.

With a tone of dismay:
Acheson Letter to Truman, May 3, 1961 (courtesy David Acheson), in David S. McLellan and David C. Acheson, eds.,
Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson
. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980, 206–207.

He had known in advance:
Vladislav M. Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov,
Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, 243.

Though Kennedy had avoided:
Taubman,
Khrushchev
, 492; Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 121.

“I don’t understand Kennedy”:
Sergei N. Khrushchev,
Krizisy i Rakety
, 102–106.

That said, Khrushchev was concerned:
Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev’s Cold War
, 348–349.

Paris’s Left Bank:
Jörn Donner,
Report from Berlin
. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961.

Donner considered the difference:
Donner,
Report from Berlin
, XI.

Like West Berlin:
Interview with Vern Pike, Washington, D.C., November 17, 2008.

9.
PERILOUS DIPLOMACY

“The American government”:
Archive of the Main Intelligence Administration of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (GRU), “Kratkoye Soderzhanye: Besed G. Bolshakova s R. Kennedi (9 Maya 1961 goda-14 Dekabria 1962 roga)” [Summary: Meeting of G. Bolshakov with R. Kennedy, May 9, 1961–December 14, 1962].

“Berlin is a festering sore”:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 24, Telegram from the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, Moscow, May 24, 1961.

Wearing a white shirt:
GRU, “Kratkoye Soderzhanye: Besed G. Bolshakova s. R. Kennedi.”

Bolshakov was just one of two:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 65.

Thompson put down the phone:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Docs. 65, 66.

After a day of reflection:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 67.

Special envoy Averell Harriman:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XXIV, 199–200, 209–210.

Beyond that, Rusk told:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 67.

It suited Bolshakov:
Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy J. Naftali,
One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997, 119–123; interview with Frank Holeman, August 6, 1995, Washington, D.C.; Georgi Bolshakov, “Goryachaya Linaya” (Hot Line),
Novoye Vremya
, no. 4 (1989), 38–40;
Pravda
,
Bolshakov Meetings
; GRU, “Kratkoye Soderzhanye: Besed G. Bolshakova s. R. Kennedi.”

What gave Bolshakov:
Fursenko and Naftali,
One Hell of a Gamble
, 119–113, citing GRU,
Biography of Georgi Bolshakov
; Dino Brugioni and Robert F. McCort, eds.,
Eyeball to Eyeball: The Inside Story of the Cuban Missile Crisis
. New York: Random House, 1991, 176–178;
Zvezda
, no. 7 (1997); Benjamin C. Bradlee,
Conversations with Kennedy
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1975, 194; James W. Symington.,
The Stately Game.
New York: Macmillan, 1971, 144–145.