Beyond: Our Future in Space (39 page)

  
2
. “China: The Next Space Superpower” by E. Strickland 2013, a detailed analysis for
IEEE Spectrum
magazine, online at http://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/space-flight/china-the-next-space-superpower.

  
3
.
China’s Space Program: From Conception to Manned Spaceflight
by B. Harvey 2004. Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag.

  
4
. Hadfield’s video went viral on YouTube, attracting more than 22 million views. But he only had agreement from David Bowie to keep it up for a year, so it was taken down in May 2014.

  
5
. Reported by Space Daily, online at http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/China_launches_longest-ever_manned_space_mission_999.html.

  
6
. “Chinese Super-Heavy Launcher Designs Exceed Saturn V” by B. Perrett 2013.
Aviation Week
, online at http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_09_30_2013_p22-620995.xml.

  
7
. Online reporting from Space.com, at http://www.space.com/14697-china-space-program-military-threat.html, and http://www.space.com/25517-china-military-space-technology.html.

  
8
. “The Man Who Says He Owns the Moon” by R. Hardwick, article and interview on
Motherboard
, online at http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/the-man-who-owns-the-moon.

  
9
. The full text of the treaty, in English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic, is on the United Nations website at http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/SpaceLaw/outerspt.html.

10
. The committee was formed in 1959 by the UN General Assembly. There are seventy-six member states taking part, and it held its 57th session in 2014 in Vienna. There are two standing subcommittees: Scientific and Technical, and Legal. The website is http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/COPUOS/copuos.html.

11
. The UN Moon Treaty entered into force after being ratified by five countries in 1984. The full text is online at http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/SpaceLaw/moon.html.

12
. “Is NASA’s Plan to Lasso an Asteroid Really Legal?” by L. David 2013, at the Space.com website: http://www.space.com/22605-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-legal-issues.html.

13
. Quoted in the article “To the Moon, Mars, and Beyond: Culture, Law, and Ethics in Space-Faring Societies” by L. Billings, presented in 2006 at the 21st annual conference of the International Association for Science, Technology, and Society.

14
. Michael Griffin, quoted by Linda Billings in chapter 25 of
Societal Impact of Spaceflight
, ed. by S. J. Dick and R. A. Launius, NASA Special Publication NASA-SP-4801, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. Peter Diamandis is quoted in “The Final Capitalist Frontier” by M. Baard, in
Wired
magazine, online at http://www.wired.com/science/space/news/2004/11/65729.

15
. “The Space Elevator: A Thought Experiment or the Key to the Universe?” by A. C. Clarke, in
Advances in Earth Oriented Applied Space Technologies
, Vol. 1, 1981. London: Pergamon Press, pp. 39–48. See also “The Physics of the Space Elevator” by P. K. Aravind 2007.
American Journal of Physics
, vol. 45, no. 2, p. 125.

16
. The state of the art just after nanotubes were developed was given in “Space Elevators: An Advanced Earth-Space Infrastructure for the New Millennium,” compiled by D. B. Smitherman Jr., NASA Publication CP-2000-210429, based on findings from the Advanced Space Infrastructure Workshop on Geostationary Orbiting “Space Elevator” Tether Concepts, held at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in June 1999. Since that time, Bradley Carl Edwards has pursued the carbon nanotube route to a space elevator with the support of NASA’s Institute for Advanced Concepts.

17
. As with suborbital flight, progress has been spurred by a series of competitions similar to the Ansari X Prize.
Elevator: 2010
ran challenges every year from 2005 to 2009 and NASA raised the prize money, using its Centennial Challenges program. Meanwhile, the Europeans started their own competition in 2011.

18
. “Carbyne from First Principles: Chain of C Atoms, a Nanorod, or a Nanorope?” by M. Liu et al. 2013.
American Chemical Society Nanotechnology
, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 10075–82.

19
.
Space Elevators: An Assessment of the Technological Feasibility and the Way Forward
by P. Swan et al. 2013. Houston: Science Deck Books, Virginia Edition Publishing Company.

20
. “The Economic Benefits of Commercial GPS Use in the United States and the Costs of Potential Disruption,” by N. D. Pham, June 2011, NDP Consulting, online at http://www.saveourgps.org/pdf/GPS-Report-June-22-2011.pdf.

21
. “The Economic Impact of Commercial Space Transportation on the U.S. Economy in 2009,” a 2010 report by the Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation.

22
. “Space Tourism Market Study: Orbital Space Travel and Destinations with Suborbital Space Travel,” an October 2002 report by the Futron Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland. A more recent report by the FAA, “Suborbital Reusable Vehicles: A Ten-Year Forecast of Market Demand,” reaches similar conclusions.

23
.
Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets
by J. S. Lewis 1998. New York: Basic Books.

24
. “Orbit and Bulk Density of the OSIRIS-REx Target Asteroid (101955) Bennu” by S. R. Chesley et al. 2014.
Icarus
, vol. 235, pp. 5–22.

25
. “Profitable Asteroid Mining” by M. Busch 2004.
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
, vol. 57, pp. 301–5.

9: Our Next Home

  
1
. The working group’s deliberations are described in the epilogue to “Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft” by C. G. Brooks, J. M. Grimwood, and L. S. Swenson 1979, published as NASA Special Publication 4205 in the NASA History Series.

  
2
. “Costs of an International Lunar Base” by J. Weppler, V. Sabathier, and A. Bander 2009, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, online at https://csis.org/publication/costs-international-lunar-base.

  
3
. “How Wet the Moon? Just Damp Enough to Be Interesting” by R. A. Kerr 2010.
Science
, vol. 330, p. 434, and a subsequent set of research articles in the special issue of
Science
.

  
4
. “Mining and Manufacturing on the Moon,” from the Aerospace Scholars program, online at http://web.archive.org/web/20061206083416/http://aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov/HAS/cirr/em/6/6.cfm; and “Building a Lunar Base with 3D Printing,” a research program at the European Space Agency, online at http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/Building_a_lunar_base_with_3D_printing.

  
5
. “The Peaks of Eternal Light on the Lunar South Pole: How They Were Found and What They Look Like” by M. Kruijff 2000.
4th International Conference on Exploration and Utilisation of the Moon
(ICEUM4), ESA/ESTEC, SP-462. Also: “A Search for Lava Tubes on the Moon: Possible Lunar Base Habitats” by C. R. Coombs and B. R. Hawke 1992.
Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century
(SEE N93-17414 05-91), vol. 1, pp. 219–29.

  
6
. “Lunar Space Elevators for Cislunar Space Development” by J. Pearson, E. Levin, J. Oldson, and H. Wykes 2005, Phase 1 Final Technical Report under research subaward 07605-003-034, submitted to NASA.

  
7
. Information is routinely updated online at http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/.

  
8
. “Estimation of Helium-3 Probable Reserves in Lunar Regolith” by E. N. Slyuta, A. M. Abdrakhimov, and E. M. Galimov 2007.
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXXVIII
, pp. 2175–78.

  
9
. “Nuclear Fusion Energy—Mankind’s Giant Step Forward” by S. Lee and L. H. Saw 2010.
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Nuclear and Renewable Energy Sources
, pp. 2–8.

10
. “China Considers Manned Moon Landing Following Breakthrough Chang’e-3 Mission Success” by K. Kremer, as reported in
Universe Today
, online at http://www.universetoday.com/107716/china-considers-manned-moon-landing-following-breakthrough-change-3-mission-success/.

11
.
The War of the Worlds
by H. G. Wells 1898. London: Bell, quote from chapter 1.

12
. “Metastability of Liquid Water on Mars” by M. H. Hecht 2002.
Icarus
, vol. 156, pp. 373–86. Also: “Ancient Oceans, Ice Sheets, and the Hydrological Cycle on Mars” by V. R. Baker et al. 1991.
Nature
, vol. 352, pp. 589–94. More recent discoveries are covered in “Introduction to Special Issue: Analysis of Surface Materials by the Curiosity Mars Rover” by J. Grotzinger 2013.
Science
, vol. 341, p. 1475, and subsequent articles in the special issue of
Science
magazine.

13
.
Water on Mars
by M. H. Carr 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

14
.
The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must
by R. M. Zubrin and R. Wagner 1996. New York: Simon & Schuster;
Mars on Earth: The Adventures of Space Pioneers in the High Arctic
by R. M. Zubrin 2003. New York: Bargain Books;
How to Live on Mars: A Trusty Guidebook to Surviving and Thriving on the Red Planet
by R. M. Zubrin 2008. New York: Three Rivers Press. His most recent book brings Mars exploration up to date with the Mars Direct proposal using the DragonX rocket:
Mars Direct, Space Exploration, and the Red Planet
by R. M. Zubrin 2013. New York: Penguin.

15
. NPR
Science Friday
interview, online at http://www.npr.org/2011/07/01/137555244/is-settling-mars-inevitable-or-an-impossibility.

16
.
P
athways to Exploration: Rationales and Approaches for a U.S. Program of Human
Space Exploration
, by the Committee on Human Spaceflight 2014, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

17
. “Circadian Rhythm of Autonomic Cardiovascular Control During Mars 500 Simulated Mission to Mars” by D. E. Vigo et al. 2013.
Aviation and Space Environmental Medicine
, vol. 84, pp. 1023–38.

18
. From a post by Buzz Aldrin on his website: http://buzzaldrin.com/what-nasa-has-wrong-about-sending-humans-to-mars/.

19
. The website of Inspiration Mars, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, is at http://www.inspirationmars.org/.

20
. For more information, see: Inspiration Mars online at http://www.inspirationmars.org/ and Mars One online at http://www.mars-one.com/.

21
. While the launch date has receded to 2024 at the earliest, the media angle is moving full steam ahead. In June 2014, Lansdorp inked a deal with the Dutch TV giant Endemol to start filming a reality series based on the training and culling of the final set of space travelers.

22
.
Reading the Rocks: The Autobiography of the Earth
by M. Bjornerud 2005. New York: Basic Books; and
Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth
by A. H. Knoll 2004. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

23
. “Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars” by R. M. Zubrin and C. P. McKay 1993, technical report for NASA Ames Research Center, online at http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~mfogg/zubrin.htm.

24
.
Red Mars
by K. S. Robinson 1993 covers colonization; the quote in the following paragraph is from p. 171.
Green Mars
by K. S. Robinson 1994 covers terraforming.
Blue Mars
by K. S. Robinson 1995 covers the long-term future of human habitation. All are published by Random House (New York).

10: Remote Sensing

  
1
. “Why Oculus Rift Is the Future of Gaming,” online at http://www.gizmoworld.org/why-oculus-rift-is-the-future-in-gaming/.

  
2
. Intriguingly, telepresence doesn’t have to convey the remote scene with perfect fidelity, because the brain has a tendency to “fill in the blanks” and “smooth out the rough edges” of any representation that is familiar. See “Another Look at ‘Being There’ Experiences in Digital Media: Exploring Connections of Telepresence with Mental Imagery” by I. Rodriguez-Ardura and F. J. Martinez-Lopez 2014.
Computers in Human Behavior
, vol. 30, pp. 508–18.

  
3
.
Brother Assassin
by F. Saberhagen 1997. New York: Tor Books.

  
4
. See http://www.ted.com/talks/edward_snowden_here_s_how_we_take_back_the_internet.

  
5
. “Multi-Objective Compliance Control of Redundant Manipulators: Hierarchy, Control, and Stability” by A. Dietrich, C. Ott, and A. Albu-Schaffer 2013.
Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
, Tokyo, pp. 3043–50.

  
6
.
Human Haptic Perception
, ed. by M. Grunwald 2008. Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag.

  
7
. “Telepresence” by M. Minsky 1980,
Omni
magazine. The magazine is defunct, but the paper can be found online at http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/Telepresence.html.

  
8
. Feynman delivered his lecture at the American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. A transcript of the talk is online at http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html. He concluded his talk by posing two challenges and offering a prize of $1,000 for each one. His challenge to fabricate a tiny motor was won a year later by William McLellan. His second challenge was to fit the entire text of the
Encyclop
æ
dia Britannica
on the head of a pin. In 1985, a Stanford graduate student won the second challenge by reducing the first paragraph of Dickens’s
A Tale of Two Cities
by a factor of 25,000.