Bolivar: American Liberator (82 page)

even making a trip to the capital:
Larrazábal,
Correspondencia
, I, 155.

As the mill of souls ground on:
Lecuna,
Crónica
, I, 31.

confiscated the Creoles’ land:
Ibid., 1–25.

An official who arrived from Madrid:
Refers to Pedro Urquinaona. From W. S. Robertson, “Bibliografía General,”
The American Historical Review
, 22, no. 4 (July 1917), 893.

appalled by Monteverde’s reign of terror:
P. Urquinaona,
Relación documentada del origen y progreso del trastorno
(Madrid: Impresa Nueva, 1820), 2nd Part, 119.

“Happiness. Prosperity. Liberty,” etc.:
Gaceta de Caracas
, III, Dec. 6, 1812.

“pompous and extravagant promises”:
Ibid., Oct. 4, 1812.

they had insulted the king by seeking help:
Ibid.

a wanton truculence, etc.:
Mijares, 220–21; Heredia, 154; Baralt and Díaz, II, 114–15.

lop off their ears, etc.:
Gazeta de Caracas
, IV, Sept. 16, 1813.

“If it were possible”:
Mijares, 250.

Even Franciscan priests:
Heredia, 135.

“spare no one over the age of seven!”:
Ibid.

a well-born Granadan with a large ego, etc.:
Ducoudray, I, 39.

in charge of his uncle, José Félix Ribas:
SB’s second in command; O’L, XXVII, 103.

President Torices instructed him to join:
Ducoudray, I, 40.

made their way through February rain:
O’L, XXVII, 104.

Spanish general Ramón Correa:
Son-in-law of failed Captain-General Miyares: Heredia, 127.

Bolívar was joined by Castillo, etc.:
Restrepo, I, 199.

Correa’s troops were double the force:
Ibid., 200.

Correa fell to the ground:
SB to Torices, Feb. 28, 1813, O’L, XIII, 150.

a vast supply of food and ammunition, etc.:
Ibid.

only two dead and fourteen wounded:
Ibid.

Bolívar was lauded:
Groot, III, 232.

including a raging fever:
Mancini, 200.

“Loyal republicans!,” etc.:
SB, Proclamation to his soldiers, March 1, 1813, Cuartel general de San Antonio de Venezuela, DOC, IV, 770.

“If one country wears chains”:
SB to Camilo Torres, March 4, 1813, in Austria, 191–92.

“mad undertaking”:
Masur,
Simón Bolívar
, 167.

anathema to his principles:
Ibid.

a friendly letter as a palliative:
SB, SBSW, I, 27.

“March at once!,” etc.:
O’L, XXVII, Part I, 123.

“General, if two men are enough”:
Rafael Urdaneta,
Memorias
, 14.

tell him about the true condition of his troops:
SB to the president of the union (Antonio Nariño), May 3, 1813, SB,
Cartas: Santander–Bolívar
, 2–4; also Santander to SB, April 30, 1813, SB,
Cartas: Santander–Bolívar
, 3.

The march to Trujillo promised to tax:
SB to Nariño, May 8, 1813, in Austria, 195–96.

“I will await the result”:
Ibid.

leading one Spanish commandant:
Heredia, 128–29.

murdered some of his own relatives, etc.:
Díaz, 39; also Baralt and Díaz, II, 198, 218.

posted a Royal Order:
“
Real Orden de 11 de enero de 1813
,” published in Caracas as a broadside on March 13, 1813, and by Cmdt. Gen. Antonio Tizcar in Barinas on May 3, 1813; Lecuna,
Catálogo
, I, 271; also Austria, 199.

took off on a bloody campaign:
O’L, XXVII, Part I, 124–5.

his 143 soldiers:
Díaz, 93.

one of the heads—along with a letter:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 170.

“the work of Satan”:
Ibid.

saw himself as the anointed liberator:
Urdaneta,
Memorias
, 21.

twenty Spanish heads, etc.:
V. Dávila,
Investigaciones Históricas
, in Mijares, 246.

The news came as a great blow, etc.:
O’L, XXVII, Part I, 125.

“We’ve run out of goodness”:
SB, Cuartel general, Mérida, June 8, 1813, in Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 170.

All night he pondered it:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 171–72.

“
S
PANIARDS AND
C
ANARY
I
SLANDERS
”:
Austria, 197.

an outright abomination:
See Blanco-Fombona, “La proclama de guerra a muerte”; also Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 172–73.

the deadly Royal Order:
“Real Orden de 11 de enero de 1813.”

“Either Americans allow themselves”:
SB to the British governor of Curaçao, J. Hodgson, Valencia, Oct. 2, 1813, SB,
Escritos
, V, 173–80.

hundreds of royalist troops defected:
Sir Walter Scott, ed.,
The Edinburgh Annual Register for 1816
, Vol. IX, Ballantyne, Edinburgh, 1820, 136–37.

if they defected and fought for Spain:
Trend, 96.

“I worry that our illustrious”:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 185.

took more than four hundred prisoners:
Rafael Urdaneta,
Memorias
, 7.

a rapid preemptive strike on the city of Barinas:
O’L, XXVII, Part I, 136.

fourteen-year-old soldier:
Blanco-Fombona’s note, SBC,
1799–1822
, 70.

“The glorious hero”:
SB to Antonio Rodríguez Picón, Cuartel general de Araure, July 25, 1813, SBC, ibid., 70–71.

“Pause now your weeping to remember”:
Cecilio Robelio,
El Despertador: Periodico semanario
, No. 5 (Jan. 29), Cuernavaca, 1896, 7.

Monteverde had found himself doing too little:
Lecuna,
Crónica
, I, 66.

two or more men to an animal, etc.:
Ibid.

offered the Spaniards amnesty, etc.:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 192.

“to show the world”:
Ibid.

“Here, your Excellency”:
SB to Torres, O’L, XIII, 327.

He rushed to La Guaira in a panic, etc.:
Heredia, 145.

horde of six thousand royalists:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 193; Flinter,
History of the Revolution
, 49.

set sail for Curaçao:
Ducoudray, I, 44–45.

elbowed their way onto canoes:
Heredia, 152.

cast off the clothes:
SB to the Nations of the World, Valencia, Sept. 20, 1813, DOC, IV, 732.

entered Caracas on August 6:
O’L, XXVII, Part I, 145.

He arranged to be met, etc.:
Ducoudray, I, 44–45; also,
Gazeta de Caracas
, IV, Aug. 26, 1813.

There were rounds of artillery, etc.:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 196; also
Gazeta de Caracas
, IV, Aug. 26, 1813.

stepping off his cart to embrace:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 196.

Colorful silks hung, etc.:
Flinter,
History of the Revolution
, 50.

could not restrain tears of joy:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 196.

the faithful mastiff Nevado:
Carlos Chalbaud Zerpa,
Historia de Mérida
(Mérida: Universidad de los Andes, 1983), 365. Also Lynch,
Simón Bolívar
, 78.

daughter of a prosperous bourgeois family, etc.:
Liévano Aguirre, 149.

as dungeons emptied of rebel prisoners:
Ducoudray, I, 49.

She had full lips, a hearty, infectious laugh, etc.:
Liévano Aguirre, 150.

“The most important business”:
Ducoudray, 49.

Epigraph:
“All murderers shall be punished”:
Voltaire,
Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire, Droit
,
www.voltaire-integral.com/Html/18/droit.htm
.

When the governor of Barinas, etc.:
Gil Fortoul,
Historia
, I, 221.

Even as Santiago Mariño:
Lecuna,
Crónica
, I, 142–43.

“will look ridiculous”:
SB to Mariño, Dec. 16, 1813, SBC, I, 88.

“Spain does not treat with insurgents”:
General Monteverde, quoted in A. Walker,
Colombia
, II (London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1822), 346.

imprisoned the priest:
Palacio Fajardo,
Bosquejo
, 91.

he decided to stage a funeral:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 230–31.

A British traveler in the employ of Spain, etc.:
Flinter,
History of the Revolution
, 60.

“Kill him!”:
Ibid.

an enormous head, etc.:
H.N.M., Escuelas Cristianas,
Historia de Venezuela
(1927), 127, quoted in Cunninghame Graham,
José Antonio Páez
, 65.

“Of all the monsters”:
O’L, XXVII, Part I, 172.

needed few worldly goods, etc.:
Cunninghame Graham, 107–25.

nearly eradicated them, along with their horses:
Mitre,
Emancipation of South America
, 338.

slaughtered them all:
O’L, XXVII, Part I, 175.

former haberdasher and a former butcher:
Austria, 265; and T. Peréz Tenreiro,
Para acercarnos a don Francisco Tomás Morales
(Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1994), 12.

killing every last inhabitant:
G. Crichfield,
American Supremacy
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1908), 21.

“Citizens!”:
SB,
Escritos
, VI, 4–9.

“There are more illustrious citizens,” etc.:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 267.

in order to forge bullets, etc.:
Lecuna,
La guerra a muerte
, XVIII, 150, in Masur,
Simón Bolívar
, 209.

categorically refused to sell arms:
Whitaker, 95, 113–14.

some historians claim:
Lecuna,
La guerra a muerte
, XVII, 365, in Masur,
Simón Bolívar
, 210.

letter to Lord Wellesley:
SB to Wellesley, Maracay, Jan. 14, 1814, SBO, I, 85.

haughty, ambitious—the privileged son:
J. M. Gómez,
Libertadores de Venezuela
(Caracas: Meneven, 1983), 266–71.

a brig and five schooners:
Slatta and Lucas de Grummond, 91.

he had ordered Piar to withdraw:
Baralt and Díaz, 178.

but the Liberator of the East never showed up:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 278.

hanging in little pieces:
Austria, 265.

Skeletons dangled from trees:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 287.

Some soldiers deserted:
Archer,
Wars of Independence
, 36.

children as young as twelve:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 183.

army of a thousand slaves:
Mitre,
Emancipation of South America
, 366.

the blood of old men:
Baralt and Díaz, 191.

found a lone priest:
M. Briceño,
Historia de la isla Margarita, Biografías del General Juan B. Arismendi
(Caracas: El Monitor, 1885), 40.

But a sack flung on the roadside:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 282.

Leandro Palacios:
Ibid., 284.

What sprang to mind:
SB confesses this in a letter to Archbishop Narciso Coll y Pratt, in which he tries to justify the killings (Feb. 8, 1814, SBO, I, 91). It’s worth mentioning here that the dates of the executions given in various accounts don’t align. SB’s letter to the archbishop is cited as Feb. 8, for instance, the evidence being the handwritten note in the margin; but documentation by Palacios in La Guaira indicates that the executions took place between Feb. 13 and 16.

“Without delay”:
Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 284.

to the letter, and with relish:
Baralt and Díaz, 195.

more than one thousand:
This number ranges from 800 to 1,200, depending on the
source: Lecuna,
Crónica
, I, 215 (1,200);
Gaceta de Caracas
, no. 14, 1815 (1,200); Heredia (close to 900); Larrazábal,
Vida
, I, 284 (866); Díaz (866); Baralt and Díaz (more than 800); O’Leary (800).