Brain on Fire (33 page)

Dr. Najjar explained that the brain biopsy picture showed a blood vessel under attack by lymphocyte cells. As he pointed out, however, there have been only a handful—ten or fewer—of brain
biopsies conducted in those with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis, so these slides offer a rare and informative look at a sick brain we know very little about.

He ended the lecture with a final statement: “I’m proud to say that this patient is back to normal and is currently back to work at the
New York Post.”

Angela nudged me, Lauren smiled, and Stephen and my parents glowed.

When we got back to the office that day, Angela mentioned the presentation to our editors, Steve and Paul. Steve was intrigued and called me into his office.

“Angela tells me that she went to a meeting on your illness,” Steve said. “Would you be willing to write a first-person piece about it?”

I nodded emphatically. I had been hoping my editors would find my story interesting enough for an article, and I was eager to finally indulge my reporting instincts and buckle down to research it.

“Great. Can you get it to us by Friday?”

Today was Tuesday. Friday felt soon, but I was determined to make it happen. It was thrilling, if somewhat frightening and dizzying, to think of sharing those confusing months with the world. Most of my colleagues were still in the dark about what had happened during my extended absence (as, in a sense, was I), and it worried me to think that this story might undo everything I had accomplished in presenting myself as a professional over the past few weeks back at work. But it was irresistible: Now I had the opportunity to uncover that lost time and prove to myself that I could understand what had happened inside my body.

W
ith those conflicting feelings percolating in my mind, I placed my reporter’s cap firmly back on and interviewed my family, Stephen, Dr. Dalmau, and Dr. Najjar to get a portrait of my disease and its larger-scale implications.

What I was almost immediately drawn to is perhaps the biggest mystery: How many people throughout history suffered from my disease and others like it but went untreated? This question is made more pressing by the knowledge that even though the disease was discovered in 2007, some doctors I spoke to believe that it’s been around at least as long as humanity has.

In the late 1980s, French Canadian pediatric neurologist Dr. Guillaume Sébire noticed an unusual pattern among six children he treated from 1982 to 1990.
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They all had movement disorders, including involuntary tics or excessive restlessness, cognitive impairments, seizures, normal CT scans, and negative blood work results. The children were diagnosed with “encephalitis of an unknown origin” (or what was colloquially known as the Sébire syndrome), a disease that lasted on average ten months. Four of the six children made what could be called a full recovery. His hazy description of the disease persisted for another two decades.

An earlier paper, written in 1981 by Robert Delong and colleagues, described “acquired reversible autistic syndrome” in children.
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The disease presented like autism, but two of the three children studied (a five-year-old girl and a seven-year-old boy) recovered fully, while an eleven-year-old girl continued to endure severe memory and cognitive deficits, unable to remember three words provided to her after only a few minutes had elapsed. Now,
studies show that roughly 40 percent of patients diagnosed with this disease are children (and this percentage is growing), but children present the disease differently from adults: afflicted children exhibit behaviors such as temper tantrums, mutism, hypersexuality, and violence.
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One parent described how her child tried to strangle her infant sibling; another heard low grunting noises from their normally angelic daughter; and another child clawed at her own eyes to communicate the inner turmoil that her toddler vocabulary could not convey. The disease in children has often been misdiagnosed as autism, but depending on where and when the person lived, it might have been described as supernatural, even something evil.

Evil. To the untrained eye, anti-NMDA-receptor autoimmune encephalitis can certainly appear malevolent. Afflicted sons and daughters suddenly became possessed, demonic, like creatures out of our most appalling nightmares. Imagine a young girl who, after several days of full-bodied convulsions that sent her flying into the air and off her bed—and after speaking in a strange, deep baritone—contorted her body and crab-walked down the staircase, hissing like a snake and spewing blood.

This chilling scene is, of course, from the unedited version of the blockbuster film
The Exorcist,
and though fictionalized, it depicts many of the same behaviors that children suffering from anti-NMDA-receptor autoimmune encephalitis do. The image is not as exaggerated as we might think. (Stephen, for one, can no longer watch
The Exorcist
; it brings him right back to those strange “panic attacks” I experienced in the hospital, and to my first seizure as we watched TV on the pullout couch.) In 2009, a thirteen-year-old girl from Tennessee displayed a “range of emotions and symptoms that varied by the hour, at times mirroring schizophrenia, and, at other times, autism or cerebral palsy.”
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She lashed out violently and would bite her tongue and mouth. She once insisted on crab-walking across the hospital floor. She also spoke in a bizarre, Cajun-inflected accent, according to the
Chattanooga Times Free Press
, which detailed her experience with anti-NMDA-receptor autoimmune encephalitis and subsequent recovery.

Many parents report that their children start speaking in a garbled foreign language or with an unusual accent, just like when the fictional Regan in
The Exorcist
begins to speak fluent Latin with the priest who has come to exorcise her. Likewise, those who suffer from this type of encephalitis will display what is known as echolalia, the repetition of sounds made by another person.
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That would explain the sudden ability to “speak in tongues,” though in real life those who are suffering from the illness typically do so illogically, not fluently.

How many children throughout history have been “exorcised” and then left to die when they did not improve? How many people currently are in psychiatric wards and nursing homes denied the relatively simple cure of steroids, plasma exchange, IVIG treatment, and, in the worst cases, more intense immunotherapy or chemotherapy? Dr. Najjar estimates that 90 percent of people suffering from this disease during the time when I was treated in 2009 went undiagnosed. Although this number is probably decreasing as the disease becomes better known, there are still people who are suffering from something treatable and not receiving the proper intervention. I couldn’t forget how close I had come to such a dangerous edge.

When I contacted her about my research, Dr. Dalmau’s colleague Dr. Rita Balice-Gordon brought up the old Indian proverb, often used by neuroscientists studying the brain, about six blind men trying to identify an elephant, offering it as a way of understanding how much more we have to learn about the disease.

Each man grabs hold of a different part of the animal and tries to identify the unnamed object. One man touches the tail and says, “rope”; one touches a leg and says, “pillar”; one feels a trunk and says, “tree”; one feels an ear and says, “fan”; one feels the belly and says, “wall”; the last one feels the tusk and is certain it’s a “pipe.” (The tale has been told so many times that the outcomes differ widely. In a Buddhist iteration, the men are told they are all correct and rejoice; in another, the men break out in violence when they can’t agree.)

Dr. Balice-Gordon has a hopeful interpretation of the analogy:
“We’re sort of approaching the elephant from the front end and from the back end in the hopes of touching in the middle. We’re hoping to paint a detailed enough landscape of the elephant.”

Two particular fields of study, schizophrenia and autism, will likely gain the most from this landscaping of the elephant. Dr. Balice-Gordon believes that a percentage, albeit a small one, of those diagnosed with autism and schizophrenia might in fact have an autoimmune disease. Many children ultimately diagnosed with anti-NMDA autoimmune encephalitis were first determined to be autistic. How many children originally diagnosed with autism weren’t able to find their autoimmune diagnosis?

As she explained, out of a hypothetical 5 million people diagnosed with autism, 4,999,000 of them might indeed be autistic. But what about that tiny slice that in fact have anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis or one of the other related disorders, and could be effectively treated by looking for a peripheral tumor or antibodies in the brain?

The same goes for schizophrenia. Many of the adults ultimately diagnosed with anti-NMDA-receptor autoimmune encephalitis first receive the diagnosis of schizophrenia (or other related mental disorders, such as schizoaffective disorder, in my case). Statistically there must be some people who receive a diagnosis of psychosis or schizophrenia and never get the proper help. Even if it’s only 0.01 percent of patients, it’s still too many.

Unfortunately, for most people suffering from severe psychiatric conditions, it’s nearly impossible to give everyone the proper testing to diagnose and treat autoimmune diseases. PET scans, CT scans, MRIs, IVIG treatment, and plasmapheresis can cost upwards of thousands of dollars each.

“How practical would this screening be?” asks professor of psychology Philip Harvey. “Lumbar punctures for everyone? That’s an impossibility.”

It had cost $1 million to treat me, a number that boggles the mind. Luckily, at the time I was a full-time employee at the
Post,
and my insurance covered most of the exorbitant price tag. I also had a support system in place. My family was in the fortunate
situation of being able to pay out of pocket anything that the insurance company wouldn’t cover or reimburse. Unfortunately, there’s often not the same safety net in place for those with lifelong psychiatric conditions, who are unable to hold jobs and must make do with disability payments and Medicaid.

But this is all the more reason that psychiatrists and neurologists are finding ways to break down the barriers set in place between psychology and neurology, urging for one uniform look at mental illnesses as the neurochemical diseases that they are, and, in the process, perhaps getting more grant money to study the overlap.

“One thought is that this is just a coincidence, that [NMDA-receptor encephalitis] and schizophrenia are unrelated. But Mother Nature doesn’t work that way. The best hypothesis for schizophrenia is that at least some of those cases can also be explained by a [similar] dysfunction,” said Dr. Balice-Gordon.

Dr. Najjar, for one, is taking the link between autoimmune diseases and mental illnesses one step further: through his cutting-edge research, he posits that some forms of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression are actually caused by inflammatory conditions in the brain.

Dr. Najjar is in the midst of groundbreaking work that might finally sever the barrier separating immunology, neurology, and psychiatry. A recent case of his centers on a nineteen-year-old woman who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia by six leading psychiatrists over the course of two years.
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When she was seventeen, her symptoms began with auditory hallucinations—“people putting me down and thinking they’re better than I am,” she told Dr. Najjar—followed by visual ones. Late at night, she would see “people’s faces on the walls.”