Caligula: A Biography (25 page)

Cf. Levick,
Tiberius
.
Salutatio
at the houses of Augustus and Tiberius:
Winterling,
Aula Caesaris
, 122–23.
Trials for
maiestas:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 3.37.1, 3.38.1–2, 3.65–70; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 58; Dio,
Roman History
, 57.23.
On Titius Sabinus:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.184, 4.68–70; Dio,
Roman History
, 58.1.1b.
Capri:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.67; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 40; Dio,
Roman History
, 58.1.1.
Sejanus’s
salutatio:
Dio,
Roman History
, 57.21.4, 58.5.2.
Consulship through Sejanus:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.68.2.
Sejanus’s power, honors, and downfall:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.74; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 65; Dio,
Roman History
, 58.4–11.
Tiberius’s fearfulness:
Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 63, 65–66.

The poisoning of Drusus (II):
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.7, 4.8.1.
Nero and Drusus (III):
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.8.3–4, 4.17.1–2; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 54.
Enmity toward Agrippina and her sons:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.12, 4.17.3; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 54.
Intrigue against Agrippina at Tiberius’s dinner:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.54; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 53.1.
Intrigues against Nero:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.60.
Arrest of Agrippina and Nero:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.67.3–4.
Caligula in the house of Livia and Antonia:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 10.1.
Caligula’s funeral oration for Livia:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 5.1.4.
Death of Nero:
Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 54.2, 61.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 58.8.4.
Treatment of Drusus (III):
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.23.2, 6.24, 6.40.3; Dio,
Roman History
, 58.3.8.
Intrigues and charges against Caligula:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.3.4, 6.5.1, 6.9.2.

Caligula moves to Capri:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 10.1.
Supposed chances for the throne:
Dio,
Roman History
, 58.8.1–2.
Dynastic prestige of Germanicus’s family:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 5.4.2; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 65.2.
Avillius Flaccus:
Philo,
Against Flaccus
, 9–11.
Death of Drusus:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.23–24; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 54.
Death of Agrippina:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.25; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 53.1.
Julius Agrippa and Caligula:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 18.161–69, 183–92.
The grammarian Seleucus:
Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 56.
Caligula’s education:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 18.206.
Tiberius’s scholarly interests:
Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 70–71.
Caligula’s quaestorship:
Dio,
Roman History
, 58.23.1.
Wedding in Antium:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.20; cf. Dio,
Roman History
(58.25.1), who places the event in the year 35.
M. Junius Silanus:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 3.57.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.8.5–6.
Marriages of Caligula’s sisters:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.15; Dio,
Roman History
, 58.20.1.
Tiberius’s will:
Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 76.
Macro’s support, the affair with Ennia:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 32–33, 39–40, cf. 61; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 12.2; Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.45.3; Dio,
Roman History
, 58.28.4.
Tiberius’s last plans for the succession and risk for Caligula:
Philo,
Against Flaccus
, 11–12, and
The Embassy to Gaius
, 24–25, 41, 58; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 62.3; Dio,
Roman History
, 57.22.4b, 58.23.2; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 18.211–15; Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.46.3.
Death of Tiberius:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.50; Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 72–73, and
Gaius Caligula
, 12.2; Dio,
Roman History
, 58.28.3.

The journey to Rome:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 13–14.
Caligula’s first speech in the Senate:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.6.1–3.
The first denunciation for conspiracy:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 15.4.
Tiberius’s funeral:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.3.7–8; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 15.1.
Tiberius’s bequests:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.2; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 16.3.
On the drills of the Praetorian Guard:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.2.1.
Burial of Caligula’s mother and brothers:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 15.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.3.5.
Honors for his family:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 15.2–3; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.3.3–4.
Adoption of Gemellus:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 26–27; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.1.3.
Renunciation
of honors:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.3.1, 59.4.4, 59.6.5.
Greeting ritual:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.7.6.

Drusilla and Lepidus:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 24.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.22.6–7.
Caligula’s illness:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 14; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 14.2; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.8.1.
The murder of Gemellus:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 23, 29–31; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 23.3; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.8.1 and 3.
The fall of Macro:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 58–61; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 26.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.10.6–7 (Dio’s chronology is confused).
M. Arrecinus Clemens:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, A 1073.
Execution of further supporters of Gemellus:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.8.1, 59.10.7–9.
Avillius Flaccus:
Philo,
Against Flaccus
, 9–10.
Silanus:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 23.3; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.8.4–6.
Reasons for aristocrats’ suicides:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.29. The chronological order for the downfall of Macro and Silanus follows Philo’s account.
Marriage:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 25.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.8.7–8 (where the bride’s name is given as Cornelia Orestina).
New Year’s oaths,
rationes imperii
, works on history, the courts, the equestrian order:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 16.1–2; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.9.1–2 and 4–5.
Reintroduction of popular elections:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 16.2; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.9.6, 59.20.3–6.
Collegia:
Dio,
Roman History
, 60.6.6.
Games in the year 38:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.10.1–5; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 18.1; cf. 21.
Honors for Caligula:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 16.4.
Agrippa’s close friendship with Caligula:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 268.
Deaths of flatterers:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.8.3–4; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 27.2.

Aristocratic households:
Rilinger, “Domus und res publica.”
Ceremony at the
salutatio:
Seneca,
On Favors
(
De Beneficiis
), 6.33–34.
Bequests in Tiberius’s will:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 37.3; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.2.6.
Caligula’s buildings on the Palatine:
Winterling,
Aula Caesaris
, 57–59.
Presence of Agrippina and others at the
salutatio:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 261–62, 267.
Macro’s admonition at banquet:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 42–44.
Order of seating at table:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 24.1, and
Claudius
, 8.
Guests at Caligula’s banquets:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 55.2, 32.3, 36.1–2, and
Vespasian
, 2.3.
Foods served:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 37.1.
Expenditure by aristocrats:
Pliny,
Natural History
, 9.117.
Cleopatra:
Pliny,
Natural History
, 9.119–20.
Macro’s admonitions about behavior in public:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 45–46.
Gaianum:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.14.6.
Vitellius:
Suetonius,
Vitellius
, 4, 17.2.
Caligula as a gladiator:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 32.2, 54.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.5.5.
Apelles and Mnester:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.5.2; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 36.1, 55.1.
Augustus at games:
Suetonius,
Augustus
, 43.2–3.
Caligula’s behavior at games:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.5.4, 59.13.5.

Caligula in mourning:
Seneca,
On Consolation
(
Ad Polybium de Consolatione
), 17.4–5; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 24.2.
Posthumous honors for Drusilla:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.11; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 24.2.
Drusilla’s ascension to heaven:
Seneca,
Apocolocyntosis
, 1.2; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.11.4.
Caligula’s marriage to Lollia Paulina:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 25.2; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.12.1, 59.23.7; Tacitus,
Annals
, 12.2.2.

Caligula’s journey to Sicily:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.205–6; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 20, 21.1, 51.1.
Fire in Rome:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.9.4.
Aqueducts:
Frontinus,
On Aqueducts
(
De Aquaeductibus Urbis Romae
), 13; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 21.
Campaign in Germania:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 43, and
Galba
, 6.2–3.
Agrippa and Antiochus enthroned:
Philo,
Against Flaccus
, 25, see also 40; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 18.237; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 16.3; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.8.2.
Royal coronations in the year 38:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.12.2.
The palace of Polycrates and the Isthmus of Corinth:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 21.
Quotation from Homer:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 22.1.

Domitian’s remark:
Suetonius,
Domitian
, 21.
Chants at the theater:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.13.7.
Corruption in the management of roads:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.15.3–5.
Caligula’s victims in the Senate:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.18.4–5, 59.19.
C. Calvisius Sabinus:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, C 354; Tacitus,
Histories
, 1.48.2; cf. Plutarch,
Galba
, 12.
Titius Rufus:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
¹
, T 201.
Junius Priscus:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, I 801.
Cn. Domitius Afer:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, D 126.
Seneca:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 53.2.

Speech in the Senate:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.16.2–7; cf. Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 30.2.
Testamentary bequests to Augustus:
Suetonius,
Augustus
, 101.3; cf. 66.4; Tacitus,
Annals
, 1.8.1.
Bequests
to Tiberius:
Dio,
Roman History
, 58.16.2.
Bequests to Caligula made compulsory:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.15.1 and 6.
Contributions to daughter’s education:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 42.
Coerced gifts and invitations:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 343–44.
Caligula’s pleasure over aristocrats’ lack of power:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 344.
Auction of gladiators:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.14.1–4.
Incitatus:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.14.7; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 55.3.
Marriage to Caesonia:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 25.3–4; cf. Dio,
Roman History
, 59.23.7.
Date of the wedding:
Meise,
Julisch-claudische Dynastie
, 106–7; Barrett,
Caligula
, 94–95.
Name for Agrippina’s son:
Suetonius,
Nero
, 6.2.
Gaetulicus in the reign of Tiberius:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.30.2–4.
Incursions by Germanic tribes:
Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 41.