Carthage Must Be Destroyed (84 page)
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Authors: Richard Miles
Manilius, Marcus, consul (149 BC)
Manlius Vulso, Gnaeus, Roman general
manufacturing
Carthage
luxury goods
Phoenicia
Sardinia
Sicily
in trading settlements
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, consul (208)
Marcellus, Roman general (213 BC)
Marcius Septimus, Lucius, Roman commander in Spain
Marhabal, Numidian prince
Marius, Gaius, Roman general
Marsala wreck
Masinissa, king of Numidia
alliance with Scipio
boundary disputes with Carthage
masks, manufacture of
Massilia, Greek colony
Mater Matuta, Roman goddess
Mathos, leader of mercenaries
Mattan I, king of Tyre
Mauritania, Hanno’s voyage to
Mediterranean
central
cultural complexity
Phoenician colonization of western rim
Punic era
trade routes
Tyrrhenian trade routes
Medjerda valley, Libya
Medracen mausoleum, Batna
Megalopolis, Libya
Megara, suburb of Carthage
Meirat, Jean
Melqart, Punic god
association with Heracles
in Carthage
effigy burned by Alexander at Tyre
introduction by Hiram of Tyre
and story of ‘Ambrosian stones’
temple in Gades
temple in Tyre
see also egersis
see also egersis
Menelaus
Mens
, Roman temple to
, Roman temple to
Menturnae, Italy
mercenaries
Carthaginian use of
Gallic
from Greece
Hamilcar Barca’s
payment of
returned from Sicily to North Africa
in Sicily
Mercenaries’ Revolt (241–38 BC)
brutality of
defeat of
negotiations on pay
return from Sicily to North Africa
uprising
merchants
Carthaginians in Rome
Tyre
Messana, Sicily
colonists in
destroyed by Syracuse
metal, ingots and bars as currency
metal ores
west Africa
see also
gold; iron; silver
gold; iron; silver
metalworking
Carthage
Sardinia
Metellus, Caecilius, Roman commander, at Panormus
Milkaton, Phoenician official
mines
Andalusian silver
techniques
mints
Carthaginian
Gades
Sardinia
Sicilian military
Spain
Syracuse
see also
coins and coinage
coins and coinage
Minucius Felix, Marcus, Master of Horse (217), joint commander with Fabius
Mogador, island
molk
(
mlk
) (sacrifice of firstborn children)
(
mlk
) (sacrifice of firstborn children)
Molossians
see
Epirus
see
Epirus
Monte Adranone, Sicily, Punic resettlement of
Monte Iato, Sicily
Monte Polizzo, Sicily
Punic resettlement of
Monte Sirai, Sardinia
monuments
cippi
votive
Morocco
Carthaginian emporia and factories
Hanno’s voyage to
motifs
caduceus plant
on coinage
horse
solar crescent
Motya, Sicily
Cappidazzu temple
destruction of
ephebe (statue)
statue of lions and bull
steles
Syracusan siege of
murex, mollusc shells
Mycenaean civilization
and Greek religion
in Sicily
Mylae, naval battle (260 BC)
Myrcan, Carthaginian official
myths and legends
euhemeristic tradition
to legitimize colonization
see also
foundation myths; Heracles
foundation myths; Heracles
Mytistraton, siege of
Mzh
, serpent demon
, serpent demon
Naevius, Gnaeus
The Punic War
(
Bellum Poenicum
)
(
Bellum Poenicum
)
and Vergil’s
Aeneid
Aeneid
Naples
naval warfare
battle of Cape Ecnomus
battle of Mylae
Roman
corvus
device
corvus
device
tactics, boarding and ramming
see also
Carthaginian navy; Roman navy; ships
Carthaginian navy; Roman navy; ships
Navaras, Numidian chief
navigation, Phoenician advances
Neapolis, Sardinia
Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon
Necho II, pharaoh of Egypt
Neptune, Roman sea god, Scipio and
New Carthage
see
Cartagena
see
Cartagena
Nicaea (Nice)
Nicon, of Tarentum
Niger delta
Nigeria
Nike, Greek god of victory
Nineveh, Sennacherib’s ‘Palace without Rival’
Nola, Italy
Nora, Sardinia
Nora Stone, Phoenician writing
North Africa
Africa Proconsularis
emporia
Heracles in
invasion of Agathocles
Phoenician colonies
Punic traditions
Roman assault (First Punic War 256 BC)
Scipio in
syncretism of Latin and Punic cultures
under Rome
see also
Libya; Numidia
Libya; Numidia
Northern Ireland, and metaphor of Carthage
Numidia
boundary disputes with Carthage
Punic cultural influence
and Rome
Numidians
attacks on Carthage
cavalry in Carthaginian armies
cavalry in Hannibal’s army
commanders in Hannibal’s army
and Mercenaries’ Revolt
war with Carthage
nuraghi, fortified settlements
Nuragic people, Sardinia
Octavian
see
Augustus Caesar
see
Augustus Caesar
Odysseus
Oestrymnians, in Brittany
Ogulnius, Quintus
oil lamps, Sardinia
Olbia, Sardinia
olive groves and pressing
olive oil, imports into Tyre
omens and portents
in Rome after Trasimene
Onasander, Greek military strategist
Ophellas, ruler of Cyrene
Oretani tribe, Spain
ostrich eggs, decorated
Othoca, Sardinia
ox hide, in foundation myth
Pacuvius Calavius, leading citizen of Capua
Paestum, Italy
Palantho, daughter of Hyperboreos
Pallanthium, site of Rome
Pani Loriga, Sardinia
Panormus, Sicily
First Punic War
fortifications
taken by Rome
Parmenion, associate of Alexander the Great
Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, Roman commander at Cannae
Pausanias, Greek writer
pentarchies
Pentathalus, Greek leader
Perseus, king of Macedonia
Persia
and Phoenicia
war with Greece
Philaeni brothers
Philemenus, of Tarentum
Philinus of Acragas, historian
Philip V, king of Macedon
and Hannibal
Philippus, Roman general
Philistus, Syracusan historian
Philo of Byblos, historian
Phocaeans, relations with Carthage
Phoenicia
agricultural hinterland
and Carthaginian religious identity
influence on Greece
long-distance trade
manufacturing
maritime supremacy
and Persia
religious ritual
Phoenicians, characterization in Greek literature
Phoenix, legendary king of Tyre
Phoiniké
(Pole star)
(Pole star)
Phoínikes
, Greek name for
, Greek name for
Phoenicians
phoinix
(Greek word for purple)
(Greek word for purple)
pietas
, Roman virtue
, Roman virtue
Pinarii family
Pindar, in praise of Theron of Syracuse
Pithecusa, Ischia
Placentia, Roman colony
besieged by Hasdrubal
plague
at Acragas
Carthage
typhus
Plato, on strict laws in Carthage
Plautus, Roman playwright
Poenulus
Plutarch
biographer of Fabius
on Cato’s embassy to Carthage
on death of Hannibal
On Superstition
on Sicily
on wealth of Rome
Po Valley, Celtic tribes
poenus
, Roman use of term
, Roman use of term
Polyaenus, Greek writer
Polybius, historian
on battle of Ticinius
comparison of Roman and Carthaginian armies
elephants crossing Rhône
eye witness account of fall of Carthage
and first treaty with Carthage
on Greek reaction to destruction of Carthage
on Hamilcar Barca
on Hannibal
on Hannibal at gates of Rome
on Hannibal’s crossing of Alps
on Hannibal’s treaty with Philip of Macedon
on harbours at Carthage
on Hasdrubal
Histories
on Mercenaries’ Revolt
on New Carthage
on Numidia’s encroachment on Syrtis Minor
on power of citizenry in Carthage
prediction of decline of Rome
on Regulus
on Roman annexation of Sardinia
on Roman assault on Africa
on Roman navy
on sanctuary of Juno
on Sardinian revolt
on Scipio
on siege of Acragas
Polycrates, ruler of Samos
pomegranate (
malum Punicum
)
malum Punicum
)
Pompeius Trogus,
Philippic Histories
Philippic Histories
Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), renewal of curse on Carthage
Ponnim
(name for Tyre and Sidon/ southern Levant)
(name for Tyre and Sidon/ southern Levant)
Popular Assembly
in Carthaginian colonies
choice of generals
Hannibal and
and Hasdrubal
ratification of appointment of Hannibal in Spain
population, early Carthage
Potitii family
Potitius Valerius Messalla
pottery
Athenian; in Spain;
Attic
Campanian: in Carthage; in Spain
Corinthian
Cycladic
Etruscan
Euboean
Greek
from Greek Sicily
‘oriental’ styles
Pithecusan
Punic, in Latium
southern Italian
pottery kilns
Carthage
Motya, Sicily
prisoners of war
freedom for victory in single combat
murder of
ransoming of
prostitution, sacred
Pruisas, king of Bithynia
Pseudo-Aristotle, on agriculture in Sardinia
Pseudo-Scylax, Greek writer
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, ruler of Egypt
loan to Carthage
and Rome
Pummay, Phoenician god
‘Punic’, use of term
Punic cart, threshing machine
Punic language on Pyrgi Tablet
Punic wars
see
First Punic War; Second Punic War; Third Punic War
see
First Punic War; Second Punic War; Third Punic War
Punica
(poem)
(poem)
Punicum (Santa Marinella), Etruscan port
Purcell, Nicholas
purple dye
Carthage
Kerkouane
Morocco
Sicily
Pūt
(name for Tyre and Sidon/ southern Levant)
(name for Tyre and Sidon/ southern Levant)
Puteoli, Campania
Pydna, battle of (168 BC)
Pygmalion, king of Tyre
Pyrenees, Hannibal’s crossing
Pyrgi, Etruscan port, twin temples
Pyrgi Tablets
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus
alliance with Tarentum against Rome
attacks on Sicily
defeat by Rome
Pytheas of Massilia, voyage into Atlantic
Qart-Hadasht
(Phoenician name for Carthage)
(Phoenician name for Carthage)
Rakob, Friedrich
Recaranus, mythical shepherd
Regulus, Atilius, consul (217)
Regulus, Marcus Atilius, consul and military commander
legend of good faith
North Africa campaign
religion
and divine powers of military leaders
Greek
incorporation by Rome of foreign gods
introduction of Greek gods to Carthage
syncretism
used by military commanders
see also
gods;
individual gods and goddesses
; rites and ritual
gods;
individual gods and goddesses
; rites and ritual
Reshef, Carthaginian god
Reshef, Phoenician god
Rhegium, taken by Rome
Rhodes
Tyrian unguent-bottling factories
Rhône, River, Hannibal’s crossing
rites and ritual
cult of Melqart
evocatio
funerary
in Gades
Greek
Punic
Roman
Tyre
unauthorized (Rome)
see also
child sacrifice;
egersis
; sacrifice
child sacrifice;
egersis
; sacrifice
roads, Roman
Via Appia
Via Augusta (Gades to Pyrenees)
Via Flaminia
Via Julia Augusta (Heraclean Way)
Roman army
blockade of Lilybaeum
at Cannae
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