Castle (38 page)

CHAPTER FIVE

First mention must still go to the encyclopaedic work of D. MacGibbon and T. Ross,
The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland from the Twelfth to the Eighteenth Century
(5 vols, Edinburgh, 1887–92). S. Cruden,
The Scottish Castle
(London, 1960) shares the same status as R.A. Brown on
English Castles
– somewhat superannuated, but nevertheless invaluable as an introduction to the subject. For an accessible but authoritative modern introduction, see C. Tabraham,
Scotland’s Castles
(London, 1997). R. Fawcett,
Scottish Architecture: From the Accession of the Stewarts to the Reformation, 1371–1560
(Edinburgh, 1994) covers similar ground with equal panache. A comprehensive modern gazetteer has been compiled by M. Coventry,
The Castles of Scotland
(3rd edn, Musselburgh, 2001).

For more detailed explorations of certain topics, see J. Zeune,
The Last Scottish Castles
(Buch am Erlbach, 1992) on masons’ marks at Borthwick, and C.J. Tabraham, ‘The Scottish Medieval Towerhouse as Lordly Residence in Light of Recent Excavation’,
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
, 118 (1988) for the findings at Threave. The revisionist approach to Scottish castle studies was pioneered by Geoffrey Stell. See his ‘Architecture: the changing needs of society’,
Scottish Society in the Fifteenth Century
(London, 1977), ‘Kings, Nobles and Buildings of the Later Middle Ages: Scotland’,
Scotland and Scandinavia, 800–1800
, ed. G. G. Simpson (University of Aberdeen, 1990), ‘Late Medieval Defences in Scotland’,
Scottish Weapons and Fortifications, 1100–1800
, ed. D.H. Caldwell (Edinburgh, 1981) and ‘The Scottish Medieval Castle: Form, Function and Evolution’,
Essays on the Nobility of Medieval Scotland
(Edinburgh, 1985).

For the three centuries of Scottish politics covered in the chapter, it is only possible to give an overview here. A good general history is M. Lynch,
Scotland: A New History
(London, 1991). For the revisionist view of late medieval Scotland, see the ground-breaking volume
Scotland in the Fifteenth Century
, ed. J.M. Brown (London, 1977). Also try J. Wormald,
Court, Kirk and Community
(Edward Arnold, 1981) and I.D. Whyte,
Scotland before the Industrial Revolution: An Economic and Social History, c. 1050 – c. 1750
(Longman, 1995).

The Stewart kings have all found new biographers in recent years. See M. Brown,
James I
(Edinburgh, 1994), C. McGladdery,
James II
(Edinburgh, 1990), N. Macdougall,
James III
(Edinburgh, 1982), N. Macdougall,
James IV
(Edinburgh, 1989), J. Cameron,
James V: The Personal Rule, 1528–1542
(East Linton, 1998).

For Archibald the Grim and his successors, see M. Brown,
The Black Douglases
(East Linton, 1998).

On the subject of blood feud, read J. Wormald, ‘Bloodfeud,
Kindred
and Government in Early Modern Scotland’,
Past and Present
, 87 (1980) and K.M. Brown,
Bloodfeud in Scotland, 1573–1625: Violence, Justice and Politics in an Early Modern Society
, (Edinburgh, 1986). See also R.R. Davies, ‘The Survival of the Bloodfeud in Medieval Wales’,
History
, 54 (1969) for comparative purposes.

The problems created for historians by Walter Scott and his contemporaries are addressed in
The Manufacture of Scottish History
, eds. I. Donnachie and C. Whatley (Polygon, 1992).

For more on the medieval Highlands, see
Acts of the Lords of the Isles, 1336–1493
, ed. J. Munro and R.W. Munro (
Scottish History Society
, 4th series, 22,1986) and J.L. Roberts,
Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland and the Middle Ages
(Edinburgh, 1997).

John Grant of Freuchie, his ancestors and descendants are honoured in lavish style in W. Fraser,
Chiefs of Grant
(3 vols, Edinburgh, 1883).

Buildings in the Borders are the subject of P. Dixon, ‘From Hall to Tower: The Change in Seigneurial Houses on the Anglo-Scottish Border after c. 1250’,
Thirteenth Century England IV
, ed. P.R. Coss and S.D. Lloyd (Woodbridge, 1992) and ‘Towerhouses, Pelehouses and Border Society’,
Archaeological Journal
, 136 (1979). Bastles are dealt with briefly in I. Whyte and K. Whyte,
The Changing Scottish Landscape, 1500–1800
(Routledge, 1991).

The best account of Craigievar’s history is to be found in the current guidebook, I. Gow,
Craigievar Castle
(Edinburgh, 1999).

CHAPTER SIX

For the later castles in general, see Thompson and Johnson (
Chapter Four
, above). Thompson is particularly good on destruction and slighting, and Johnson has some new ideas on Raglan. For Raglan and Pontefract, see above all the excellent guidebooks by J. Kenyon,
Raglan Castle
(2nd edn, Cardiff, 1994) and I. Roberts,
Pontefract Castle
(West Yorkshire Archaeological Service, 1990).

The conversion of castles is discussed in C. Platt,
The Great Rebuildings of Tudor and Stewart England
(London, 1994).

For an overview of the seventeenth century, try M. Kishlansky,
A Monarchy Transformed: Britain 1603–1714
(London, 1996). For a military account of the Civil War, J. Kenyon,
The Civil Wars of England
(London, 1988) cannot be bettered. Up-to-date information on all aspects of the fighting can be found in
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638–1660
, eds. J. Kenyon and J. Ohlmeyer (Oxford, 1998), and the effect of the conflict on castles and towns is measured in S. Porter,
Destruction in the English Civil Wars
(Stroud, 1994).

For more information on Henry Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, his ancestors and descendants, see the family entries under Worcester and Beaufort in the G.E. Cokayne,
Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom
, ed. V. Gibbs and others (12 vols, 1912–59). To hear the man in his own words, seek out T. Bayly,
Wittie Apophthegmes of James I, Charles I, the Earl of Worcester, Lord Bacon, and Sir Thomas More
(London, 1658). The other contemporary voices I relied upon were J. Sprigge,
Anglia Rediviva (England’s Recovery)
, facsimile with an intro by H.T. Moore (Florida, 1960), and T. Paulden,
An Account of the Taking and Surrender of Pontefract Castle
(Oxford, 1747). Despite the misleading title, there is much useful material on the third siege of Pontefract in W.D. Longstaffe,
Nathan Drake: A Journal of the First and Second Sieges at Pontefract Castle
(Surtees Society, 37, 1861). Easier to locate should be
The Fairfax Correspondence: memoirs of the reign of Charles the First
, ed. G.W. Johnson (2 vols, London, 1848) and
The Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell
, ed. S.C. Lomas (3 vols, London, 1904).

While every effort has been made to trace copyright holders, the publishers will be glad to make proper acknowledgements in future editions of the book in the event that any regrettable omissions have occurred at the time of going to press.

The page references in this list correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created.

17, Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust; 18, 19, 30, Michael Holford; 38, Peter Scholefield; 62, Marc Morris, courtesy of Medway Council; 67, British Library; 69, English Heritage Photo Library; 80, courtesy of Jeffrey Howe; 82, 83, Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright; 84, Peter Humphries; 92, Marc Morris; 100, Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright; 105, M. Prestwich, 1988, 1997 in M. Prestwich,
Edward I
, pp. 212–13 (Yale Univ. Press); 107, Getmapping; 113, 114, 115, M. Prestwich, 1988, 1997 in M. Prestwich,
Edward I
, pp. 212–13 (Yale Univ. Press); 118, Steve Day; 122, (left) Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright, (right) Peter Humphries; 123, (left) Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright, (right) Peter Humphries; 124, (left) Peter Humphries, (right), Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright; 125, (top) National Library of Wales, (bottom) Peter Humphries; 131, (top), Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright, (bottom), Richard Avent; 137, M. Prestwich, 1988, 1997 in M. Prestwich,
Edward I
, pp. 212–13 (Yale Univ. Press); 147, 152, 167, Marc Morris, with kind permission of the National Trust; 168, redrawn from an original in G. N. Curzon,
Bodiam Castle, Sussex
(1926); 181, The Victoria and Albert Museum; 189, Historic Scotland; 196, courtesy of Martin Coventry; 215, RCAHM Scotland; 230, Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright; 240, Crown Copyright. National Monuments Record; 249, Hereford Museum and Art Gallery.

1, Crown Copyright: Historic Royal Palaces; 2, courtesy of Jeremy Ashbee; 3, (top) Heritage House Media Ltd, (bottom) English Heritage Photo Library; 4, 5, 6, Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright; 7, (top) courtesy of Chillon Castle, (bottom) Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright; 8, Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright; 9, National Trust Images/Alasdair Ogilvie; 10, with kind permission of Viscount De L’Isle, Penshurst Place, Kent; 11, Historic Scotland; 12, (top) Historic Scotland, (bottom), National Trust for Scotland/Alasdair Smith; 13, National Trust for Scotland; 14, Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments. Crown Copyright; 15, (top) courtesy of Haddon Hall; (bottom), English Heritage Photo Library; 16, (top), Wakefield Council; (bottom) Bob Yarwood/Archaeological Services WYAS.

The Tower of London.

The great tower at Rochester, seen from inside the castle’s bailey, showing its prominent forebuilding.

The well-preserved hall inside Hedingham’s keep.

The fanciful keep built by Henry II at Orford in Suffolk.

Conwy.