Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (306 page)

English king from ad 1509 of the House of Tudor. Born 1491, second son of Henry VII. Married (1) Catherine , daughter of Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, and widow of his elder brother Arthur (divorced); (2) Anne , daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn (executed); (3) Jane , daughter of Sir John Seymour (died in childbirth); (4) Anne , daughter of John , duke of Cleves (divorced); (5) Catherine Howard , niece of the duke of Norfolk (executed); (6) Catherine , daughter of Sir Thomas Parr and widow of Lord Latimer. Died in ad 1547 aged 55, having reigned 37 years.

 
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Henslow , John Stevens
(1796–1861)
[Bi].

British botanist and geologist, founder of the Cambridge Philosophical Society and successively Cambridge Professor of Mineralogy (1822–7) and Botany (1827–61). Through the work of his most famous pupil, Charles Darwin , Henslow indirectly influenced archaeologists; his own entry into the study was less fortunate, for he believed the Anglo-Saxon urns from Kingston-on-Soar to be prehistoric.
[Bio.: L. Jenyns , 1862,
Memoir of the Rev. John Steven Henslow.
London: John van Voorst]

 
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A small but wealthy Roman city on the Bay of Naples in Campania which, like Pompeii, was overwhelmed during the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. Unlike the material that buried Pompeii, the debris that sealed Herculaneum was a slurry of up to 20m of liquid mud that solidified as a tufa-like substance. Excavations began here in 1738, at first based around digging shafts and tunnels to expose the remains in underground passages, which could be visited by the intrepid. From the 19th century more conventional excavations have taken place, although not on the scale of those in Pompeii. Little is known about the origins of Herculaneum, but the Roman town has the appearance of a quieter and less commercial place, probably based on fishing, and the streets are not so rutted and dirty. The preservation is arguably better, especially internal and external structures in timber.
[Sum.: M. Brion , 1960,
Pompeii and Herculaneum
. London: Elek]

 
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Anglo-Saxon noun often translated ‘army’ but not necessarily implying large numbers of men. Defined in the 8th century
ad
as a band of men greater than 35 in number, it is the normal term used in the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
to refer to the Danish armies of the 9th century.

 
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Egyptian ram-headed god from Heracleopolis, protector of foreigners. Equivalent to the Greek Arsaphes.

 
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A widely used term that has come to stand in a very general way for everything that is inherited, including structures, objects, images, ideas, sentiments, and practices. Not all of this need be very old, although some of it is. Distinctions are sometimes made between the cultural heritage and the natural heritage. All heritage, however, is constructed in the sense that people or communities have selectively assembled, defined, and validated those things that they wish to consider components of the heritage. Scale is often important here and the appropriation of a heritage is often linked to the creation of global, national, or local identity. Once defined, in whatever way, the material that is taken as being the heritage is often commodified and exploited for educational, economic, or political gain, or simply as diverting entertainment.

 
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