Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (314 page)

The distinctive stones used to cover graves during the 10th century
ad
in northern England and southern Scotland. They are characterized by rectangular blocks of stone with a flat bottom and pitched top. The upper surfaces are usually decorated with interlaced designs. They may have been made in imitation of houses or buildings.

 
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Hogg , Alexander Hubert Arthur
(1908–89)
[Bi].

British archaeologist, known to his friends as Bob , well known for his fieldwork and studies of hillforts in the west of Britain. Born in London and educated at Highgate School he went up to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, in 1927 where he took a first in civil engineering with part 1 of the maths tripos. His first job was with MacAlpine's as an assistant engineer, but he was sacked soon afterwards. He subsequently worked on the construction of the dry dock at Southampton and the St Albans by-pass before moving to the Road Research Laboratory at Oxford. In 1936 he was appointed lecturer in civil engineering at King's College in the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. After service in the Royal Naval Dockyard in Rosyth during WW2 he returned to Cambridge in 1945 and in 1947 took up a lectureship there. Throughout his career since leaving Cambridge he pursued an interest in archaeology, at first studying barrows and burial sites and later hillforts. His interest grew, and in 1949 he applied for and got the post of secretary to the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire. Here he stayed for the rest of his working life, establishing high standards of survey and recording.
[Bio.: S. Briggs , 1981, A. H. A. Hogg —an appreciation. In G. Guilbert (ed.),
Hillfort studies—essays for A. H. A. Hogg
. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 15–18]

 
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Archaic Stage hunter-gatherer site 120km northwest of Salt Lake City in the Great Basin of North America. Deposits within the cave accumulated over thousands of years to reach a thickness of 4.2m. Best represented is material from 9000 bc to ad 500, the Bonneville, Wendover, and Black Rock phases of the Desert Archaic. Excavations by C. M. Alkens during the 1960s revealed that the hunter-gatherers using Hogup Cave relied heavily on plant foods, especially pickleweed. They also hunted deer, pronghorn antelope, wild sheep, and bison. The cave deposits yielded the remains of a total of 32 species of animals and 34 species of birds. Spear-throwers, together with stone-tipped and wooden spears, were used in hunting, as well as snaring and netting.
[Rep.: C. M. Alkens , 1970,
Hogup Cave
. Salt Lake City: University of Utah]

 
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Late Archaic Stage agricultural communities occupying the drainage basins of the Salt and Gila Rivers in the Arizona desert of North America during the period
c.
300 bc to ad 1400. Characterized by small villages of rectangular pit-houses, cremation of the dead, and plain grey or brown pottery, sometimes painted red on buff. Influences from Mesoamerica can be seen throughout the life of these cultures, but especially after about ad 500 when maize cultivation makes an appearance and elaborate patterns of canals are constructed for irrigation. At the same time, platform mounds and ball courts begin to be built, and material culture expands to include copper bells, mosaic mirrors, and a range of imported luxury goods. The end of the Hohokam Culture seems to arise from the absorption of these communities into broader cultural groupings.

 
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Blade or flake tool with a notch worked into the side or the end showing signs of being worked.

 
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