Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (735 page)
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Authors: Timothy Darvill
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tombstone
[Ar].
[Ar].
A stone monument marking the position of an essentially subterranean burial. Tombstones usually bear some kind of epitaph.
Tongglüshan, China
[Si].
[Si].
An early copper mine and smeltery, the earliest known in China, near the Yangtze River in Hubei Province. Native copper and malachite were extracted and worked from the Eastern Zhou period of the 8th century
bc
down to the Western Han period of the 1st century
bc
. The mines themselves extend over an area of about 2 square kilometres, while the systems of shafts and galleries reach depths of 50m below ground level. The shafts and galleries were generally square in cross-section, lined with timber, and never more than 1.2m across. A smelting area with at least seven furnaces has been examined. These furnaces produced ingots of about 10kg. Slag deposits estimated at more than 400000 metric tons have been mapped and serve to illustrate the scale of the workings. It is thought that more than 10000 metric tons of copper could have been produced from the mines.
[Sum.: Y. Zhu , 1981, Copper smelting technique at the ancient Tongglüshan mines, China.
Youse Jiashin
, 33(4), 63–7]
bc
down to the Western Han period of the 1st century
bc
. The mines themselves extend over an area of about 2 square kilometres, while the systems of shafts and galleries reach depths of 50m below ground level. The shafts and galleries were generally square in cross-section, lined with timber, and never more than 1.2m across. A smelting area with at least seven furnaces has been examined. These furnaces produced ingots of about 10kg. Slag deposits estimated at more than 400000 metric tons have been mapped and serve to illustrate the scale of the workings. It is thought that more than 10000 metric tons of copper could have been produced from the mines.
[Sum.: Y. Zhu , 1981, Copper smelting technique at the ancient Tongglüshan mines, China.
Youse Jiashin
, 33(4), 63–7]
tongue chape
[Ar].
[Ar].
Metal fitting of elongated form and roughly triangular outline manufactured in the
WILBURTON
Tradition. The chape fitted on the end of a scabbard to prevent the tip of the sword cutting through the leather.
WILBURTON
Tradition. The chape fitted on the end of a scabbard to prevent the tip of the sword cutting through the leather.
tool kit
[De].
[De].
In the study of stone or flint assemblages this term is used to describe an idealized or typical assemblage of artefacts used by an individual or group: for example, a hunting group or a woodworker.
topogenous bog
[Ge].
[Ge].
Marsh, swamp, or fen that develops as a result of a high local groundwater table caused by local relief such as a poorly drained basin or underlying impervious rock strata. In general, topogenous bogs tend to be either alkaline or neutral and thus do not preserve organic materials especially well. See also
OMBROGENOUS BOG
.
OMBROGENOUS BOG
.
topographic maps
[De].
[De].
Maps that relate archaeological sites to the basic landform and key features of the natural landscape in which they are set.
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