Congo (104 page)
Authors: David Van Reybrouck
13.
Jeal 2007: 274–76.
14.
Stanley 1886: 2:147, 151–52.
15.
Jeal 2007: 276.
16.
Harms 1981: 33.
17.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 32–34.
18.
Fabian 2000: 103.
19.
McLynn 1992: 322.
20.
Johnston 1908: 222–24.
21.
Bentley 1900: 81.
22.
Bentley 1900: 126.
23.
Johnston 1908: 328.
24.
Alexander L. Bain, registry card, archival collection, Board of International Ministries (BIM), American Baptist Historical Society, Atlanta, GA.
25.
Slade 1959: 154; Braekman 1961: 129–36, 351.
26.
Etambala 1987: 237–85.
27.
Ernest T. Welles, registry card, archival collection, Board of International Ministries (BIM), American Baptist Historical Society, Atlanta, GA.
28.
Jeal 2007: 464–75.
29.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 36.
30.
Bailey 1894: 161–63.
31.
Denuit-Somerhausen 1988: 77–146.
32.
Wesseling 1991: 126.
33.
Jeal 2007: 277–78.
34.
Stengers 1989: 58–9.
35.
Maquet-Tombu 1952: 56.
CHAPTER 2
1.
Stengers and Vansina 1985: 351.
2.
Ndaywel è Nziem 1998: 289–92.
3.
Van der Smissen 1920: 425.
4.
Vellut 2005b: 247.
5.
Jeal 2007: 281.
6.
Vansina and Stengers 1985: 351.
7.
Jeal 2007: 294.
8.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 36–37.
9.
Etambala 1987.
10.
Etambala 1993.
11.
Maquet-Tombu 1952.
12.
Meeuwis 1999.
13.
Hawker 1909: 244.
14.
Picard 1896: 161.
15.
Bailey 1894: 246.
16.
New York Times
, April 16, 1899.
17.
Lauro 2005: 78.
18.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 38.
19.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 38–39.
20.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 45.
21.
Hemmens 1949: 27.
22.
Johnston 1908: 328.
23.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 58.
24.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 68–69.
25.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 70.
26.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 71.
27.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 80–81.
28.
Interview with Étienne Nkasi, Kinshasa, December 8, 2008.
29.
Sadin 1918.
30.
Sadin 1918: 16–17.
31.
Sadin 1918: 20.
32.
Travaux du Groupe d’Études Coloniales 1912: 7.
33.
Travaux du Groupe d’Études Coloniales 1912: 7.
34.
Sadin 1918.
35.
Sadin 1918: 68.
36.
Van Acker 1924: 164.
37.
Interview with Victor Masunda Kukana, Boma, October 8, 2008.
38.
Interview with Camille Mananga Nkanu, Boma, October 9, 2008.
39.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 40–44.
40.
Michaux 1913: 46, 52.
41.
Flament 1952: 509, 516.
42.
Flament 1952: 81–82.
43.
Interview with Eugène Yoka Kinene, Kinshasa, November 11, 2008.
44.
Joye and Lewin 1961: 18.
45.
Stengers 1957: 32.
46.
Stengers 1997: 277.
47.
Stengers 1997: 240.
48.
Catherine 1994: 126–30.
49.
Interview with Martin Kabuya, Kinshasa, October 16, 2008.
50.
Gann and Duignan 1979: 97; Poel 2006: 1, 26.
51.
Van der Poel 2006: 1:8–30.
52.
Interview with Etienne Nkasi, Kinshasa, November 6 and 10, 2008.
53.
Goffin 1907: 79.
54.
Interview with Étienne Nkasi, Kinshasa, November 10, 2008.
55.
Vangroenweghe 2005: 376; Stengers 1989: 102.
56.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 79–80.
57.
FOD Buitenlandse Zaken, Africa archives, papers E. Janssens, D1366, 27/12/1904.
58.
FOD Buitenlandse Zaken, Africa archives, papers E. Janssens, D1366, 12/12/1904.
59.
FOD Buitenlandse Zaken, Africa archives, papers E. Janssens, D1366, 2/1/1905.
60.
FOD Buitenlandse Zaken, Africa archives, papers E. Janssens, D1366, 12/12/1904.
61.
FOD Buitenlandse Zaken, Africa archives, papers E. Janssens, D1366, 3/1/1905.
62.
FOD Buitenlandse Zaken, Africa archives, papers E. Janssens, D1366, 22/11/1904.
63.
FOD Buitenlandse Zaken, Africa archives, papers E. Janssens, D1366, 12/12/1904.
64.
Bosschaerts 2007: 216.
65.
FOD Buitenlandse Zaken, Africa archives, papers E. Janssens, D1366, 5/1/1905.
66.
Vangroenweghe 1985: 64.
67.
Vangroenweghe 1985: 62.
68.
Marechal 2005: 45–46.
69.
Johnston 1908: 378–79.
70.
Stengers 1989: 109.
71.
Johnston 1908: 380.
72.
Singleton-Gates and Girodias 1959: 120–22.
73.
Singleton-Gates and Girodias 1959: 114.
74.
Janssens 1905: 197.
75.
Cattier 1906: 341.
76.
Cornevin 1963: 129; Gann and Duignan 1979: 79; Stengers and Vansina 1985: 346, 354.
77.
Makulo Akambu 1983: 85.
CHAPTER 3
1.
Thiel 1982: 20; Boelaert et al. 1995: 36–117.
2.
Stanley 1886: 2:214.
3.
Maquet-Tombu 1952 .
4.
Cornevin 1963: 173–228; Stengers 1989.
5.
Young 1968: 23.
6.
De Meulder 2000: 50.
7.
Cornevin 1963: 187.
8.
Vanderkerken 1920: 235.
9.
Vanderkerken 1920: 234.
10.
Van Wing 1959: 128–29.
11.
Carton de Wiart 1923: 70–71.
12.
Cattier 1906: 321.
13.
Cattier 1906: 322.
14.
Couttenier 2005: 225.
15.
Van Overbergh 1913: viii.
16.
De Jonghe 1908: 304.
17.
Van Overbergh 1913: 181.
18.
Van Overbergh 1913: 183.
19.
Depaepe et al. 2003: 233, 236.
20.
Vinck 2002.
21.
Depaepe et al. 2003: 191.
22.
Frères Maristes 1927: 30–31.
23.
Vinck 2002.
24.
Kalundi Mango, interviewed by Johannes Fabian, Lubumbashi, June 1986, http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/lpca/aps/vol4/vocabulairekalundicomments.html.
25.
Kaoze 1910.
26.
Chalux 1925: 125.
27.
Interview with Étienne Nkasi, Kinshasa, November 6, 2008.
28.
Chalux 1925: 111–14.
29.
Chalux 1925: 122–25.
30.
Interview with Étienne Nkasi, Kinshasa, November 10, 2008.
31.
Stengers 1989: 213–14.
32.
Cornet 1944: 261.
33.
Stengers 1989: 215.
34.
Carton de Wiart 1923: 93.
35.
Carton de Wiart 1923: 5.
36.
Chalux 1925: 204.
37.
Buelens 2007: 405.
38.
Carton de Wiart 1923: 83.
39.
Merlier 1962: 130.
40.
Jewsiewicki 1988: 231–32.
41.
Foire Internationale d’Elisabethville 1962: 71–73.
42.
Yav 1965: 29.
43.
Yav 1965: 5.
44.
Brausch 1961: 21–22.
45.
Higginson 1989: 33.
46.
Higginson 1989: 35.
47.
Chalux 1925: 79.
48.
Yav 1965: 7.
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