Core Topics in General & Emergency Surgery: Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice (43 page)

BOOK: Core Topics in General & Emergency Surgery: Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice
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49.
McKay, C.J., Evans, S., Sinclair, M., et al, High early mortality rate from acute pancreatitis in Scotland, 1984–1995.
Br J Surg
1999;86:1302–1305.
10540138

50.
Dervenis, C., Johnson, C.D., Bassi, C., et al, Diagnosis, objective assessment of severity, and management of acute pancreatitis. Santorini consensus conference.
Int J Pancreatol
1999;25:195–210.
10453421
An important consensus statement.

51.
UK Working Party on Acute Pancreatitis. UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis.
Gut
. 2005;54(Suppl. 3):iii1–iii9.
Current UK guidelines, likely to be revised soon.

52.
Banks, P.A., Freeman, M.L., Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis.
Am J Gastroenterol
2006;101:2379–2400.
17032204
Useful summary of management guidelines.

53.
Petrov, M.S., Windsor, J.A. Classification of the severity of acute pancreatitis: how many categories make sense?
Am J Gastroenterol
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54.
Mier, J., Leon, E.L., Castillo, A., et al, Early versus late necrosectomy in severe necrotizing pancreatitis.
Am J Surg
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9074366
Single institution randomised study (
n
 = 41) demonstrating that early intensive conservative treatment with late necrosectomy for selected cases is the preferred approach for severe necrotising pancreatitis.

55.
Mayumi, T., Takada, T., Kawarada, Y., et al, Management strategy for acute pancreatitis in the JPN Guidelines.
J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg
2006;13:61–67.
16463213

56.
Mayumi, T., Ura, H., Arata, S., et al, Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for acute pancreatitis: proposals.
J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg
2002;9:413–422.
12483262
Summary of evidence-based guidelines, albeit in 2002.

57.
Uhl, W., Warshaw, A., Imrie, C., et al, IAP guidelines for the surgical management of acute pancreatitis.
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Summary of evidence to 2002.

58.
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59.
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6794703

60.
Blamey, S.L., Imrie, C.W., O'Neill, J., et al, Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis.
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61.
Ranson, J.H., Rifkind, K.M., Roses, D.F., et al, Prognostic signs and the role of operative management in acute pancreatitis.
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4834279

62.
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3928249

63.
de Beaux, A.C., Goldie, A.S., Ross, J.A., et al, Serum concentrations of inflammatory mediators related to organ failure in patients with acute pancreatitis.
Br J Surg
1996;83:349–353.
8665189

64.
Fan, S.T., Lai, E.C., Mok, F.P., et al, Prediction of the severity of acute pancreatitis.
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1993;166:262–269.
8368436

65.
Pezzilli, R., Billi, P., Miniero, R., et al, Serum interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and beta 2-microglobulin in early assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis. Comparison with serum C-reactive protein.
Dig Dis Sci
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7587812

66.
Balthazar, E.J., Robinson, D.L., Megibow, A.J., et al, Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis.
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2296641

67.
Schroder, T., Kivisaari, L., Somer, K., et al, Significance of extrapancreatic findings in computed tomography (CT) of acute pancreatitis.
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3878784

68.
Larvin, M., McMahon, M.J., APACHE-II score for assessment and monitoring of acute pancreatitis.
Lancet
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2568529

69.
Wilson, C., Heath, D.I., Imrie, C.W., Prediction of outcome in acute pancreatitis: a comparative study of APACHE II, clinical assessment and multiple factor scoring systems.
Br J Surg
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2253005

70.
Triester, S.L., Kowdley, K.V., Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis.
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2002;34:167–176.
11782614

71.
Mofidi, R., Duff, M.D., Madhavan, K.K., et al. Identification of severe acute pancreatitis using an artificial neural network.
Surgery
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72.
Buter, A., Imrie, C.W., Carter, C.R., et al, Dynamic nature of early organ dysfunction determines outcome in acute pancreatitis.
Br J Surg
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11872053

73.
Johnson, C.D., Abu-Hilal, M., Persistent organ failure during the first week as a marker of fatal outcome in acute pancreatitis.
Gut
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15306596

74.
Mofidi, R., Duff, M.D., Wigmore, S.J., et al, Association between early systemic inflammatory response, severity of multiorgan dysfunction and death in acute pancreatitis.
Br J Surg
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16671062

75.
Neoptolemos, J.P., Carr-Locke, D.L., London, N.J., et al, Controlled trial of urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy versus conservative treatment for acute pancreatitis due to gallstones.
Lancet
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2902491
Early ERCP with sphincterotomy resulted in fewer complications and shorter hospital stay.

76.
Fan, S.T., Lai, E.C., Mok, F.P., et al, Early treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis by endoscopic papillotomy.
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8418402
Hospital mortality rate was slightly lower in the group undergoing emergency ERCP with or without endoscopic papillotomy. Subsequent comments on this paper are also worth reading.

77.
Folsch, U.R., Nitsche, R., Ludtke, R., et al. Early ERCP and papillotomy compared with conservative treatment for acute biliary pancreatitis. The German Study Group on Acute Biliary Pancreatitis.
N Engl J Med
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Prospective multicentre study: 126 patients were randomly assigned to early ERCP with sphincterotomy, when appropriate, and 112 patients were assigned to conservative management. In patients with acute biliary pancreatis, without obstructive jaundice, early ERCP and sphincterotomy were not found to be beneficial.

78.
van Santvoort, H.C., Besselink, M.G., de Vries, A.C., et al. Early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in predicted severe acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study.
Ann Surg
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79.
Nitsche, R., Folsch, U.R., Endoscopic sphincterotomy for acute pancreatitis: arguments against.
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1998;30:562–565.
9836118

80.
Pederzoli, P., Bassi, C., Vesentini, S., et al, A randomized multicenter clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis with imipenem.
Surg Gynecol Obstet
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8480272

81.
Sainio, V., Kemppainen, E., Puolakkainen, P., et al, Early antibiotic treatment in acute necrotising pancreatitis.
Lancet
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7658819

82.
Delcenserie, R., Yzet, T., Ducroix, J.P., Prophylactic antibiotics in treatment of severe acute alcoholic pancreatitis.
Pancreas
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8829189

83.
Schwarz, M., Isenmann, R., Meyer, H., et al. Antibiotic use in necrotizing pancreatitis. Results of a controlled study.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr
. 1997;122:356–361.

84.
Bassi, C., Falconi, M., Talamini, G., et al, Controlled clinical trial of pefloxacin versus imipenem in severe acute pancreatitis.
Gastroenterology
1998;115:1513–1517.
9834279

85.
Nordback, I., Sand, J., Saaristo, R., et al, Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the need for surgery in acute necrotizing pancreatitis – a single-center randomized study.
J Gastrointest Surg
2001;5:113–120.
11331472

86.
Isenmann, R., Runzi, M., Kron, M., et al, Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Gastroenterology
2004;126:997–1004.
15057739

87.
Luiten, E.J., Hop, W.C., Lange, J.F., et al, Controlled clinical trial of selective decontamination for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis.
Ann Surg
1995;222:57–65.
7618970

88.
Golub, R., Siddiqi, F., Pohl, D., Role of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis.
J Gastrointest Surg
1998;2:496–503.
10457308

89.
Sharma, V.K., Howden, C.W. Prophylactic antibiotic administration reduces sepsis and mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis.
Pancreas
. 2001;22:28–31.

90.
Mazaki, T., Ishii, Y., Takayama, T., Meta-analysis of prophylactic antibiotic use in acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
Br J Surg
2006;93:674–684.
16703633
Three examples of articles presenting arguments for and against the use of antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis.

91.
de Vries, A.C., Besselink, M.G., Buskens, E., et al, Randomized controlled trials of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis: relationship between methodological quality and outcome.
Pancreatology
2007;7:531–538.
17901714
A useful assessment of methodological quality of studies in the field concludes that adequate evidence for the routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis is lacking.

92.
Howard, T.J., Temple, M.B., Prophylactic antibiotics alter the bacteriology of infected necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis.
J Am Coll Surg
2002;195:759–767.
12495307

93.
Beger, H.G., Rau, B., Isenmann, R., et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis.
Pancreatology
. 2005;5:10–19.

94.
He, Y.M., Lv, X.S., Ai, Z.L., et al, Prevention and therapy of fungal infection in severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective clinical study.
World J Gastroenterol
2003;9:2619–2621.
14606111

95.
McClave, S.A., Greene, L.M., Snider, H.L., et al. Comparison of the safety of early enteral vs parenteral nutrition in mild acute pancreatitis.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
. 1997;21:14–20.

96.
Windsor, A.C., Kanwar, S., Li, A.G., et al, Compared with parenteral nutrition, enteral feeding attenuates the acute phase response and improves disease severity in acute pancreatitis.
Gut
1998;42:431–435.
9577354

97.
Kalfarentzos, F., Kehagias, J., Mead, N., et al, Enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis: results of a randomized prospective trial.
Br J Surg
1997;84:1665–1669.
9448611

98.
Powell, J.J., Murchison, J.T., Fearon, K.C., et al, Randomized controlled trial of the effect of early enteral nutrition on markers of the inflammatory response in predicted severe acute pancreatitis.
Br J Surg
2000;87:1375–1381.
11044164

99.
Zhao, G., Wang, C.Y., Wang, F., et al, Clinical study on nutrition support in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.
World J Gastroenterol
2003;9:2105–2108.
12970916

100.
Olah, A., Pardavi, G., Belagyi, T., et al, Early nasojejunal feeding in acute pancreatitis is associated with a lower complication rate.
Nutrition
2002;18:259–262.
11882400

101.
Gupta, R., Patel, K., Calder, P.C., et al, A randomised clinical trial to assess the effect of total enteral and total parenteral nutritional support on metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative markers in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (APACHE II > or = 6).
Pancreatology
2003;3:406–413.
14526151

102.
Al-Omran, M., Groof, A., Wilke, D., Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003. [CD002837].
A meta-analysis of six studies concluded that there were insufficient data on which to make any firm judgment.

103.
Marik, P.E., Zaloga, G.P. Meta-analysis of parenteral nutrition versus enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis.
Br Med J
. 2004;328:1407.
A meta-analysis of two of the six studies reported in
Ref. 102
demonstrated an advantage for the enteral route.

104.
Eatock, F.C., Brombacher, G.D., Steven, A., et al, Nasogastric feeding in severe acute pancreatitis may be practical and safe.
Int J Pancreatol
2000;28:23–29.
11185707

105.
Eatock, F.C., Chong, P., Menezes, N., et al, A randomized study of early nasogastric versus nasojejunal feeding in severe acute pancreatitis.
Am J Gastroenterol
2005;100:432–439.
15667504

106.
Fong, Y.M., Marano, M.A., Barber, A., et al, Total parenteral nutrition and bowel rest modify the metabolic response to endotoxin in humans.
Ann Surg
1989;210:449–456.
2508583

107.
Sax, H.C., Warner, B.W., Talamini, M.A., et al, Early total parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: lack of beneficial effects.
Am J Surg
1987;153:117–124.
3099588

108.
Bakker, O.J., van Santvoort, H.C., van Brunschot, S., et al. Pancreatitis, very early compared with normal start of enteral feeding (PYTHON trial): design and rationale of a randomised controlled multicenter trial.
Trials
. 2011;12:73.

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