Country of Exiles (30 page)

56.
Kwong,
The New Chinatown
, p. 190.

57.
On the implications of such cycles for place (or locality), see
Arjun Appadurai,
Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), p. 193. For an upbeat version of the pattern itself, see Winnick,
New People in Old Neighborhoods
, pp. 123–91.

58.
“Home Run Athletes Build Mansions,”
WSJ
, December 20, 1996, B14.

59.
Drawbacks, of course, have always existed for this kind of temporary housing, never more so than today; such recyclable houses demand that owners
not
decorate, rebuild, or modify to suit their special tastes. As relocation consultant Tom Peiffer recently noted, “building [or occupying] a house too closely tailored to your personality or needs could make for a difficult sale, especially if it is out of sync with the rest of the neighborhoods.” See “Executive Relocations—and Hassles—Increase,”
WSJ
, April 5, 1996, B10.

60.
“The Lure of Planned Suburbs,”
WSJ
, October 7, 1998, p. B1.

61.
“Young Americans Triumph in Paris,”
NYT
, January 23, 1997, C1.

62.
On “over-building blues,” see
WSJ
, May 14, 1998, A2; on expansion of “extended stay hotels” and “temporary home hotels” over the past six years, see “Building a Brand,”
Hotel and Motel Management
, April 20, 1998.

63.
Limited-service budget hotels/motels have been the “fastest-growing sector of the lodging industry with the number of rooms rising 78% since 1980”
(Time
, July 15, 1986, 45). On Studio Plus, see
WSJ
, January 24, 1996, B1; “Room Service
à l’Américain,” NYT
, October 3, 1997, D1; “Midlevel Hotels Look Abroad,”
NYT
, September 28, 1995, D1; “Marriott to Buy Renaissance Hotel Group,”
WSJ
, February 19, 1997, A3; “Marriott to Provide Long-Term Guests a New Economy-Priced Option,”
WSJ
, February 13, 1996, B7; “No Room in the Inn,”
WSJ
, December 13, 1996, B17; “Why Business Travel Is Such Hard Work,”
WSJ
, December 30, 1996, B1; “Pace of Business Travel Abroad Is Beyond Breakneck,”
WSJ
, May 31, 1996, B1; “Soon, Hotels Only a Boss Could Love,”
WSJ
, February 2, 1996, B7; and “High-Tech Hotels Try Homier Touches,”
WSJ
, March 29, 1996, B1.

64.
See J. B. Jackson, 1952 and 1956 essays in
Landscape in Sight
, pp. 333–39.

65. For many, the dream of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the late-nineteenth-century American feminist, has been realized—the emptying of the home of all those matters that inhibit the individual freedom and flexibility of both sexes. On the spread of the goliath suburban homes, see “Suburbs’ Mass-Market Mansions,”
NYT
, March 18, 1998, B1.

66.
On the current European efforts to copy American “chain” hotel style and building, at the cost of abandoning older, more place-connected, traditions, see “Room Service
à l’Américain,” NYT
, October 3, 1997, D1, D4.

67.
Dan Mercer, “The Market for Mobile Homes,”
Housing Economics
, January 1995, 15.

68.
Virginia Held, “Home Is Where You Park It,”
The Reporter
, February 18, 1960, quoted in George S. Pierson,
The Moving American
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), pp. 113–14; and Steinbeck,
Travels with Charley
, p. 97.

69.
Steinbeck,
Travels with Charley
, pp. 95–106.

70.
Dan Mercer, “The Market for Mobile Homes,”
Housing Economics
, January 1995, 17.

71.
Michael J. Ybarra, “Real Estate: Mobile Homes Zip Past Sales of Houses,”
WSJ
, August 29, 1994, B1; U.S. Department of Commerce, “Mobile Homes,” Bureau of Census statistical brief, May 1994; Mercer, “The Market for Mobile Homes,” 17, 1; and phone interview with Robert Bonnette, author of Department of Commerce’s “Mobile Homes,” July 20, 1995.

72.
See “Mobile Mansions Offer RV Market a Lift,”
WSJ
, January 8, 1998, B2; and “Six Days in a Rolling Home,”
BusinessWeek
, April 27, 1998, E2–4.

73.
John Brinckerhoff Jackson,
A Sense of Place, a Sense of Time
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 62.

74.
Ibid.
, pp. 60–62.

75.
John Brinckerhoff Jackson,
Discovering the Vernacular Landscape
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), p. 156.

76.
Jackson,
A Sense of Place
, p. 167.

77.
Quoted in D. W. Meinig, ed.,
The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 232–33.

78.
Jackson,
Landscape in Sight
, pp. 201–5.

79.
Compare with Foucault’s “limit-experiences” (see James Miller,
The Passion of Michel Foucault
[New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993], pp. 30–35, 273–75).

80.
Quoted in Meinig,
The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes
, p. 94.

81.
Jackson,
Landscape in Sight
, pp. 175–82.

82.
Jackson,
A Sense of Place, a Sense of Time
, p. 10; see also Jackson,
Discovering the Vernacular Landscape
for similar comments, pp. 155–56.

83.
Quoted in Meinig,
The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes
, p. 222.

84.
Ibid
.

85.
Jackson,
The Necessity for Ruins
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 125–26.

86.
Jackson,
Discovering the Vernacular Landscape
, pp. 100–101.

87.
Jackson,
Landscapes
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1970), pp. 152, 160.

88.
Ibid
., p. 154.

89.
Jackson,
Discovering the Vernacular Landscape
, pp. 13–15.

90.
Jackson,
Landscapes
, p. 158.

91.
Ibid.
, 158;
Discovering the Vernacular Landscapes
, pp. 110–12, 151–52.

92.
Ibid.
, pp. 133–35.

93.
Ibid.
, pp. 135–37.

94.
Jackson,
The Necessity for Ruins
, pp. 16–17.

95.
Ibid.
, pp. 16–17.

96.
For a different sense of what peasant villages were like, see Richard Critchfield,
The Villagers
(New York: Anchor Books, 1994), pp. 18–39.

97.
James Brooke, “Cry of Wealthy in Vail: Not in Our Playground,”
NYT
, November 5, 1998, A-20; Joseph Pereira, “Low-Cost Trailer Parks Are Shutting Down, Stranding the Poor,”
WSJ
, November 15, 1995, 1; Michael Shear, “Trailer Park in Transit,”
Washington Post
, February 10, 1994.

1.
White House Conference on Travel and Tourism, at the Sheraton Washington Hotel (Washington, D.C.), October 28–30, 1995.

2.
Author’s visit, August 19–20, 1995; Meredith L. Oakley,
On the
Make: The Rise of Bill Clinton
(Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1994), pp. 26–27; Virginia Kelley,
Leading with My Heart
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), pp. 72–77, 91, 107–8.

3.
Speech by Greg Farmer, White House Conference on Travel and Tourism, October 29, 1995.

4.
“The White House Conference on Travel and Tourism,” advertising supplement,
Washington Post
, October 30, 1995, C1. On Brown’s years living in the Hotel Theresa, see Tracey L. Brown,
The Life and Times of Ron Brown
(New York: William Morrow, 1998), pp. 40–46.

5.
On tourism workforce and overall tourism growth, see “Tourism’s Role Rises, Creating Some Risks,”
Wall Street Journal
(hereafter
WSJ
), October 7, 1996, 1; and special supplement, “Travel and Tourism,”
The Economist
, January 10, 1998, 1–16. For histories of tourism, see Daniel Boorstin,
The Image
(New York: Vintage, 1992); John Brinckerhoff Jackson,
The Necessity for Ruins
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 1–19; Neil Harris, “Urban Tourism and the Commercial City,” in William Taylor, ed.,
Inventing Times Square
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1991), pp. 66–83; and James Gilbert, “Imagining the City,” in James Gilbert, et al., eds.,
The Mythmaking Frame of Mind
(Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Publishing, 1992), pp. 135–55.

6.
Quoted in “Regional Marketing Effort Hunts the Tourist Dollar,”
Putnam Reporter Dispatch
, May 3, 1997, 1. By summer 1997 this switch in New York to tourism as the new “economic development tool” climaxed with the influx of nearly $150 million from the federal government to help exploit the “rich” tourist potential throughout the state. “Once [towns and cities] move out of manufacturing, what do they do?” asked Andrew Cuomo, secretary of HUD and mastermind of the project. “The answer for the nation has been tourism” (New
York Times
[hereafter
NYT
], August 15, 1997, B4).

7.
“Expelled in 1877, Indian Tribe Is Now Wanted as a Resource,”
NYT
, July 22, 1996; James Brooke, “Boom Times Hit Utah, and Sticker Shock Follows,”
NYT
, January 31, 1996, A10; “Impact of Travel and Tourism on Arizona,” preliminary estimates, USTTA and the U.S. Travel Data Center, Travel Industry Association, Washington, D.C., March 1995. On the nineteenth-century
treatment of this tribe, see Angie Debo,
A History of the Indians
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), pp. 261–64; and Richard White,
“It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own”: A New History of the American West
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), pp. 107–8.

8.
Peter Nabokov, ed.,
Native American Testimony
(New York: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 387.

9.
Indian Country Today
, December 16–23, 1996, A7; on international tourists, see “Culture Camp Attracts Many International Tourists,”
Indian Country Today
, 1996 Tourism and Gaming Edition, Summer 1996, 3–4; and “At One with Indians: Tribes of Foreigners Visit Reservations,”
WSJ
, August 6, 1996, 1.

10.
Arthur Rubenstein,
My Young Years
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973), p. 143; and George W. Herald and Edward D. Radin,
The Big Wheel: Monte Carlo’s Opulent Century
(New York: William Morrow, 1963). For other gambling histories, see Ann Fabian,
Card Sharps, Dream Books, and Bucket Shops
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990); George Sternlieb and James W. Hughes,
The Atlantic Gamble
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983); David Johnston,
Temples of Chance
(New York: Doubleday, 1992); John M. Findlay,
People of Chance
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); and Robert Goodman,
The Luck Business
(New York: Free Press, 1995).

11.
Herald and Radin,
The Big Wheel
, pp. 124–25.

12.
I. Nelson Rose, “Trends,”
Indian Gaming
, June 1998, p. 6.

13.
Michael M. Phillips, “As Economy Thrives, So Do Many Workers Accustomed to Poverty,”
WSJ
, March 4, 1998, 1. See also
NYT
, December 13, 1997, 1.

14.
On the “cruise to nowhere,” see Kirk Johnson, “For Gamblers, Shortest Route to High Seas,”
NYT
, December 14, 1996, 27; and Jonathan Rabinowitz, “Partners Plan Night Cruises for Gamblers,”
NYT
, November 13, 1997, B1.

15.
New York City, for instance, had only a little over 60,000 rooms in 1998 (source: PKF Consulting, Inc., hotel and real estate consulting firm, New York City). See also promotional material, Bellagio, courtesy of Jennifer D. Michaels, director of public relations, July 10, 1998; “Las Vegas: Are There No Limits?,”
Washington Post National Weekly Edition
, February 10, 1997, p. 30;
and “Las Vegas Sees Its Growth Bubble Burst,”
WSJ
, September 26, 1995, p. A2.

16.
The phrase “islands of Indianness” appears in Charles F. Wilkinson,
American Indians, Time, and the Law
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), p. 101; see also Frederick E. Hoxie, “From Prison to Homeland: The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation Before World War I,”
South Dakota History
10 (winter 1979), 1–24.

17.
On big growth before 1990, see Bruce Johansen,
Life and Death in Mohawk Country
(Golden, Col.: North American Press, 1993), pp. xxviii–xxix: “by early 1985, approx. 80 of the nearly 300 recognized American Indian tribes in the US were conducting some sort of game of chance. By the fall of 1988, more than 100 tribes participated in some form of gambling, which grossed as much as $255 million yearly.”

18.
Indian Country Today
, January 20–27, 1997, B2; on the Kotenai,
Indian Country Today
, Jan. 27–Feb. 3, 1997, B1; on the Grande Ronde,
Indian Country Today
, Jan. 27–Feb. 3, 1997, A1; on the Puyallup,
Indian Gaming
, May 5, 1997, 8–9, and August 1997, 20; on Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun,
Indian Gaming Business
(supplement to
International Gaming and Wagering Business
, spring 1998, 1–10.

19.
Author’s visit, May 1996.

20.
Quoted in
International and Wagering Gaming Business
, September 1, 1995, 16:9, 12.

21.
See David Melmar’s columns in
Indian Country Today
, May 4, 1995, and October 5, 1995.