Craving (28 page)

62
. Michel Reynaud, Laurent Karila, Lisa Blecha, and Amine Benyamina, “Is Love Passion an Addictive Disorder?”
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
36, no. 5 (2010): 261–67.

63
. Mary-Frances O’Connor, David K. Wellisch, Annette L. Stanton, Naomi I. Eisenberger, Michael R. Irwin, and Matthew D. Lieberman, “Craving Love? Enduring Grief Activates Brain’s Reward Center,”
Neuroimage
42, no. 2 (2008): 969–72.

64
.
Welcome to Narcotics Anonymous
by Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc., 1986. See
www.na.org/admin/include/spaw2/uploads/pdf/litfiles/us_english/IP/EN3122.pdf
.

65
. S. J. Blatt, B. Rounsaville, S. L. Eyre, and C. Wilber, “The Psychodynamics of Opiate Addiction,”
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
172, no. 6 (1984): 342–52.

66
. G. O. Gabbard,
Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice
(Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2005).

67
. The other major problem that impairs outcomes is that although addictions are chronic diseases, most of our systems of care are designed to treat them in an acute fashion. This mismatch is also a contributor to the poor outcomes we sometimes see in addiction treatment. Emphasis on ongoing recovery support, often termed “recovery management,” is a key to long-term success.

68
. A. D. Pellegrini and P. D. Davis, “Relations between Children’s Playground and Classroom Behavior,”
British Journal of Educational Psychology
63, no. 1 (1993): 88–95.

69
. Jaakko Mursu, Kim Robien, Lisa J. Harnack, Kyong Park, and David R. Jacobs Jr., “Dietary Supplements and Mortality Rate in Older Women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
171, no. 18 (2011): 1625–33.

70
. M. J. Eckardt and P. R. Martin, “Clinical Assessment of Cognition in Alcoholism,”
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
10, no. 2 (1986): 123–27.

71
. H. Franke, H. Kittner, P. Berger, K. Wirkner, and J. Schramek, “The Reaction of Astrocytes and Neurons in the Hippocampus of Adult Rats during Chronic Ethanol Treatment and Correlations to Behavioral Impairments,”
Alcohol
14, no. 5 (1997): 445–54.

72
. For more on this, see Steven Casper’s fascinating blog,
www.dictionaryofneurology.com
.

73
. A. Pascual-Leone, D. Nguyet, L. G. Cohen, J. P. Brasil-Neto, A. Cammarota, and M. Hallett, “Modulation of Muscle Responses Evoked by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation during the Acquisition of New Fine Motor Skills,”
Journal of Neurophysiology
74, no. 3 (1995): 1037–45.

74
. Valerie A. Cardenas, Kristin Samuelson, Maryann Lenoci, Colin Studholme, Thomas C. Neylan, Charles R. Marmar, Norbert Schuff, and Michael W. Weiner, “Changes in Brain Anatomy during the Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,”
Psychiatry Research
193, no. 2 (2011): 93–100.

75
. K. Goldapple, Z. Segal, C. Garson, M. Lau, P. Bieling, S. Kennedy, and H. S. Mayberg, “Modulation of Cortical-Limbic Pathways in Major Depression: Treatment-Specific Effects of CBT,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
61, no. 1 (2004): 34–41.

76
. R. J. Davidson and A. Lutz, “Buddha’s Brain: Neuroplasticity and Meditation,”
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
25, no. 1 (2008): 171–74.

77
. Benedetto De Martino, D. Kumaran, B. Seymour, and R. J. Dolan, “Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the Human Brain,”
Science
313, no. 5787 (2006): 684–87.

78
. K. N. Javaras, S. M. Schaefer, C. M. van Reekum, R. C. Lapate, L. L. Greischar, D. R. Bachhuber, G. Dienberg Love, C. D. Ryff, and R. J. Davidson, “Conscientiousness Predicts Greater Recovery from Negative Emotion,”
Emotion
12, no. 5 (2012): 875–81.

79
. Stanley Colcombe and Arthur F. Kramer, “Fitness Effects on the Cognitive Function of Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Study,”
Psychological Science
14, no. 2 (2003).

80
. Bill Wilson, “Spiritus contra Spiritum: The Bill Wilson/C. G. Jung Letters: The Roots of the Society of Alcoholics Anonymous,”
Parabola
12, no. 2 (May 1987): 68–69.

81
. J. S. Tonigan, W. R. Miller, and G. J. Connors, “The Search for Meaning in Life as a Predictor of Alcoholism Treatment Outcome,” in
Project MATCH Hypotheses: Results and Causal Chain Analyses.
Project MATCH Monograph Series, vol. 8., ed. R. Longabaugh and P. W. Wirtz (Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2001), 154–65.

82
. H. G. Koenig, L. K. George, K. G. Meador, D. G. Blazer, and S. M. Ford, “Religious Practices and Alcoholism in a Southern Adult Population,”
Hospital & Community Psychiatry
45, no. 3 (1994): 225–31.

83
. Sat Bir S. Khalsa, Gurucharan S. Khalsa, Hargopal K. Khalsa, and Mukta K. Khalsa, “Evaluation of a Residential Kundalini Yoga Lifestyle Pilot Program for Addiction in India,”
Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse
7, no. 1 (2008): 67–79.

84
. Wahiba Abu-Ras, Sameera Ahmed, and Cynthia L. Arfken, “Alcohol Use among U.S. Muslim College Students: Risk and Protective Factors,”
Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse
9, no. 3 (2010): 206–20.

85
. C. Timko, R. H. Moos, J. W. Finney, and M. D. Lesar, “Long-Term Outcomes of Alcohol Use Disorders: Comparing Untreated Individuals with Those in Alcoholics Anonymous and Formal Treatment,”
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
61, no. 4 (2000): 529–40.

86
. S. R. Walker, J. S. Tonigan, W. R. Miller, S. Corner, and L. Kahlich, “Intercessory Prayer in the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A Pilot Investigation,”
Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
3, no. 6 (1997): 79–86.

87
. See especially K. Piderman, T. Schneekloth, V. Pankratz, S. Maloney, and S. Altchuler, “Spirituality in Alcoholics during Treatment,”
American Journal on Addictions
6, no. 3 (2007): 232–37.

88
. C. Emrick, J. Tonigan, H. Montgomery, and L. Little, “Alcoholics Anonymous: What Is Currently Known?” in
Research on Alcoholics Anonymous,
ed. B. McCrady (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies, 1993), 41–76.

89
. K. Humphreys, R. H. Moos, and C. Cohen, “Social and Community Resources and Long-Term Recovery from Treated and Untreated Alcoholism,”
Journal of Studies on Alcohol
58 (1997): 231–38.

90
. R. G. Atkins Jr. and J. E. Hawdon, “Religiosity and Participation in Mutual-Aid Support Groups for Addiction,”
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
33, no. 3 (2007): 321–31.

91
. The particular tobacco use log I’m referring to is copyrighted by the Regents of the University of California and can be found at the University of California, San Francisco Rx for Change program:
http://rxforchange.ucsf.edu
.

92
. Katie Witkiewitz and Sarah Bowen, “Depression, Craving, and Substance Use Following a Randomized Trial of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention,”
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology
78, no. 3 (June 2010): 362–74.

93
. Kevin W. Chen, Anthony Comerford, Phillip Shinnick, and Douglas M. Ziedonis, “Introducing Qigong Meditation into Residential Addiction Treatment: A Pilot Study Where Gender Makes a Difference,”
Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine
16, no. 8 (2010): 875–82.

94
. B. S. Musterman,
Reptiles on Caffeine
(Cornelius, NC: Warren Publishing, 2008).

95
. For a great review of the various benefits of helpfulness to cravings and addictive behaviors, see Sarah E. Zemore and Maria E. Pagano, “Kickbacks from Helping Others: Health and Recovery,”
Recent Developments in Alcoholism
18 (2008): 141–66.

96
. S. G. Post, “Altruism, Happiness, and Health: It’s Good to Be Good,”
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
12, no. 2 (2005): 66–77.

97
. Stephen G. Post, “It’s Good to Be Good: 2011 Fifth Annual Scientific Report on Health, Happiness and Helping Others,”
International Journal of Person Centered Medicine
1, no. 4 (2011).

98
.
www.stephengpost.com/hiddengifts

99
. K. I. Hunter and M. W. Linn, “Psychosocial Differences between Elderly Volunteers and Non-Volunteers,”
International Journal of Aging and Human Development
12 (1981): 205–13.

100
. J. Webb and K. Brewer, “Forgiveness, Health, and Problematic Drinking among College Students in Southern Appalachia,”
Journal of Health Psychology
15, no. 8 (2010): 1257–66.

101
. J. R. Webb, E. A. R. Robinson, and K. J. Brower, “Forgiveness and Mental Health among People Entering Outpatient Treatment with Alcohol Problems,”
Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly
27, no. 4 (2009): 368–88.

102
.
http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001007/do-group-based-smoking-cessation-programmes-help-people-to-stop-smoking

103
. J. Bond, L. A. Kaskutas, and C. Weisner, “The Persistent Influence of Social Networks and Alcoholics Anonymous on Abstinence,”
Journal of Studies on Alcohol
64, no. 4 (2003): 579–88. See also L. A. Kaskutas, J. Bond, and K. Humphreys, “Social Networks as Mediators of the Effect of Alcoholics Anonymous,”
Addiction
97, no. 7 (2002): 891–900.

104
. John F. Kelly, Robert L. Stout, Molly Magill, and J. Scott Tonigan, “The Role of Alcoholics Anonymous in Mobilizing Adaptive Social Network Changes: A Prospective Lagged Mediational Analysis,”
Drug & Alcohol Dependence
114, no. 2–3 (2011): 119–26.

105
. H. G. Roozen, R. de Waart, and P. van der Kroft, “Community Reinforcement and Family Training: An Effective Option to Engage Treatment-Resistant Substance-Abusing Individuals in Treatment,”
Addiction
105, no. 10 (Oct. 2010): 1729–38.

106
. M. Galanter,
Network Therapy for Alcohol and Drug Abuse
(New York: Basic Books, 1993).

107
. R. E. Meyer, “Conditioning Phenomena and the Problem of Relapse in Opioid Addicts and Alcoholics,” in
Learning Factors in Substance Abuse,
ed. B. Ray, NIDA research monograph series no. 84 (1988): 61–79.

108
. Reuven Dar, Nurit Rosen-Korakin, Oren Shapira, Yair Gottlieb, and Hanan Frenk, “The Craving to Smoke in Flight Attendants: Relations with Smoking Deprivation, Anticipation of Smoking, and Actual Smoking,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
119, no. 1 (2010): 248–53.

109
. Nicole K. Lee, Sonja Pohlman, Amanda Baker, Jason Ferris, and Frances Kay-Lambkin, “It’s the Thought That Counts: Craving Metacognitions and Their Role in Abstinence from Methamphetamine Use,”
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
38 (2010): 245–50.

110
. Gantt P. Galloway, Edward G. Singleton, Raymond Buscemi, Matthew J. Baggott, Rene M. Dickerhoof, and John E. Mendelson, “An Examination of Drug Craving Over Time in Abstinent Methamphetamine Users,”
American Journal on Addictions
19, no. 6 (2010): 510–14.

111
. John Hughes, “Craving among Long-Abstinent Smokers: An Internet Survey,”
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
12, no. 4 (2010): 459–62.