Dancing in the Glory of Monsters (74 page)

as AFDL intelligence chief

directs offensive on Kinshasa

infiltrates Mobutu officers

on L. Kabila

on Masasu

on Rwandans doing business in Congo

Kasika, Congo, massacre of civilians

Katangan Tigers

Katanga’s attempt to secede from Congo

Katumba Mwanke, Augustin

Kazini, James

Kengo wa Dondo

Kicha, Kimoni

Kiga ethnic group of Rwanda

Kigali, Rwanda

Kijege, Malik

Kilungutwe, Congo, massacre

Kimbangu, Simon

Kinshasa, Zaire/DRC

first Congo war: falls to L. Kabila

under L. Kabila’s regime

second Congo war: anti-Tutsi violence

second Congo war: as rebellion against L. Kabila

second Congo war: Rwandans blocked by alliance

Kinyamarura, Mariam (prophetess)

Kinyarwanda language

Kisangani, Zaire/DRC

falls to Rwandan-led forces

history

Uganda–Rwanda siege ends alliance

Kisase Ngandu, Andre

Kitona airlift

Kituku refugee camp, Zaire

Kongolo (Mobutu’s son)

Kongolo, Mwenze

Kristof, Nicholas

Lebanese diamond traders

Lemera Agreement

Leopold II (king of Belgium)

Losembe, Michel

Louis XIV (king of France)

Lubakat tribe of Katanga

Lubumbashi, Zaire/DRC

Luhaka, Thomas

Lumumba, Patrice

chaos in Congo follows assassination

cited as visionary

death arranged by CIA, Belgium, Katangans

Lunda tribe of Katanga

Lundila, Neno

Lundin, Alfred

Lusaka Cease-fire

Lwabanji, Lwasi

Machiavelli

Mahanya, “Mama Sifa,”

Mahele, Donat

Maheshe, Kizito

Mai-Mai local militias

attack RCD, sparking Kasika massacre

as ethnic defense force

of Nyakiliba

as rapists

supported by L. Kabila, J. Kabila

Malkia wa Ubembe church

Mamdani, Mahmood

Mandela, Nelson

Masasu, Anselme

Massacres

in Bas-Congo by J. Kabila’s troops

in Ituri region by MLC, Hema

in Kasika by RCD rebels

in Kilungutwe

in Kisangani

long-term effects

in Mbandaka, Zaire

measured against Rwandan genocide

organized by Habyarimana regime

reasons suggested

See also
Mortality rates

Mawapanga, Mwana Nanga

Mbayi, Babi

Mbeki, Thabo

Mbuji-Mayi, Zaire/DRC

McKinney, Cynthia

McNamara, Denis

Mercenaries

assembled by U.S., South Africa

from Bemba aid Patassé

from European countries

Mobutu’s dependence on

in Thirty Years’ War

working for L. Kabila

Methodist church of Mariam Kinyamarura

Michel (witness to Kilungutwe massacre)

Military tactics

Rwandans’ advantages

trench warfare

Militias

ex-FAR, Hutu, attack in Zaire

flee from Rwandan army

of Hutu in Rwanda as genocidal

local Congolese

of Mai-Mai

of Mobutu, as fractured, corrupt

not disarmed by UN in refugee camps

private, of Ngbanda/Mobutu

See also
Youth militias

Mineral resources

Congo–Zimbabwe joint ventures

in Eastern Congo

under J. Kabila, privatized mining

Kababankola mine

Kamoto mine collapses

in Katanga province

under L. Kabila

Lubumbashi copper falls to Rwandans

under Mobutu

profits finance war

RCD profiteering

Western purchasers face moral issues

See also
Diamonds

Mitterrand, François

Mixed Import-Export Company (COMIEX)

MLC.
See
Movement for the Liberation of the Congo

Mobutu, Bobi Ladawa

Mobutu, Marie-Antoinette

Mobutu Sese Seko

introduced

allows diamond trafficking by UNITA

backing of foreign rebels provokes war

balkanizes army

and Habyarimana

loses Zaire to L. Kabila

power slips

pressured to reform by U.S., Belgium, France

strips Hutu, Tutsi, of citizenship, property

supported militarily, technically, by West

war lost due to weak, corrupt, regime

in failing health, leaves Zaire

Moise (Banyamulenge commander)

Morality

inverted for killers as victims

of massacres vs. Rwandan genocide

and obscurity of scrupulous leaders

of suffering in Sudan vs. Congo

welfare of Congolese absent from leaders

of West’s purchase of conflict minerals

Mortality rates

5 million people

from 1998–2004,

of civilians in Kisangani siege

of Congo wars compared to other conflicts

diseases correlate with conflict areas

of Hutu refugees dying in Zaire/DRC

of Kilungutwe massacre

from Kisangani siege (1999)

of massacres in refugee camps by Rwandans

Mota, Emile

Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC)

created

commits atrocities while supporting Patassé

provides security to Equateur

in second Congo war

fails rebellion to political party transition

Mugabe, Robert

backs L. Kabila in beginning of second Congo war

sets joint mining ventures with Congo

finally drops L. Kabila

Mugunga, DRC

Mukambuguje, Marcelline

Mulumba, Mabi

Mumengi, Didier

anti-Tutsi stance

on beginning of second Congo war

on disintegration of Congolese army

as L. Kabila’s information minister

Museveni, Yoweri

Mushaki, Zaire

Mutoto Moya battle

Muyengeza

Mwamba, Thambwe

Nabyolwa, Prosper “Naby”

attempts to command Zairian soldiers

barred from positions by Mobutu

retreats from Rwandan invasion

on weakness of Mobutu’s army

Naipaul, V. S.

National Resistance Movement (NRM) of Uganda

National Sovereign Conference

National Union for the Total Independence of Angola.
See
UNITA

Ndadaye, Melchior

Ndaywel, Isidore

Ngabo, Remy

Ngbanda, Honoré “ Terminator,”

Ngbandi tribe (of Mobutu)

Ngoye, Achille

Nkunda, Laurent

North Kivu Province, DRC

AFDL in

citizenship issues

Hutu villagers killed

RCD rebels

and Rwanda civil war

Tutsi community

NRM.
See
National Resistance Movement

Nyakiliba (Mai-Mai leader in Kasika)

Nyanga of Zaire/DRC

Nyarugabo, Moise

Nyerere, Julius

friendship with Wamba

as president of Tanzania

on rule of Tutsi in Burundi

Olivier, Pierre

Olomide, Koffi

Ondekane, Jean-Pierre

Operation Sovereign Legitimacy (OSLEG)

Operation Turquoise

Orth, Rick

Oxfam

Pan-Africanism

Paramilitary units of Mobutu

Pastor Philippe (of Kisangani)

Patassé, Ange Felix

Patrice (witness to Kasika massacre)

Pentecostal church

Petrusic, Jugoslav “Yugo,”

Pillaging

by Bemba’s troops

by Congolese guided by Rwandans

by Interahamwe

in Kinshasa

by Rwandan soldiers

Pogroms against Tutsi communities

Politics and government (Congolese)

deliberately weak institutions

as elite and/or ethnic

focused on staying in power

as splintered, corrupt, decayed

Popular Revolutionary Movement (MPR)

Prophets of evangelical Christianity

Pweto battle

Pygmies

Radio France International

Radio Liberté of MLC

Radio Muhabura of RPF

Radio Rwanda

Radio Television Libre Mille Collines

Radio Voice of the People, Kinshasa

Rapings

estimated numbers

by Interahamwe

of nuns in Kasika by RCD rebels

throughout Eastern Congo

Rashidi Kasereka

Rautenbach, Billy

RCD.
See
Congolese Rally for Democracy

Red Cross

in Rwanda

in Zaire/DRC

Refugees (Hutu) and camps

attacked, massacred, by Rwandans

conduct death squad raids into Rwanda

join Zairians in 1,000-mile escape from Rwandans

leaders steal from aid groups

as RPF soldiers

Umutesi’s experiences

UN investigations blocked by L. Kabila

See also
Repatriation

Refugees (Tutsi)

flee from Hutu pogroms

in Uganda camps (1962)

Repatriation (forced)

Banyamulenge

Hutus killed for returning to Rwanda

refugees from Zaire

Republic of Congo

Resources, natural.
See
Mineral resources

Richardson, Bill

Roberts, Les

RPF.
See
Rwandan Patriotic Front

Rujugira (king of Rwanda)

Rwanda

military tactics, strengths

seen as obstacle to peace

use of donor aid

withdraws troops from Congo

Rwanda genocide.
See
Genocide in Rwanda

Rwanda-led invasion of Zaire

background

beginnings

as coalition to overthrow Mobutu

commanded by Kabarebe

conditions of soldiers

genocide against Hutu suggested

implicated in L. Kabila’s death

reasons for massacres and statistics

See also
AFDL

Rwandan army (second Congo war)

rebels against L. Kabila, led by Kabarebe

advances on Kinshasa

blocked by Congolese allies

siege of Kisangani ends alliance

targets profiteering to mineral resources

wins Pweto against L. Kabila

Rwandan civil war

Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)

replaces Hutu government in Rwanda (1990–1994)

authoritarianism results in defections

anti-Mobutu alliance

with Congolese Tutsi

with Hutu soldiers

infiltrates Mobutu officers

invades refugee camps in Zaire

Rwarakabije, Paul

background

commands ex-FAR, Interahamwe, militia

as leader of insurgency in Rwanda

on military dimension of genocide

Salikashvili, John

Sassou Nguesso, Denis

Savimbi, Jonas

Seleelwa, Wahi

Sengamines

Serbian mercenaries

Serukiza, Benjamin

background

on Banyamulenge fighting in Eastern Congo

on mineral mining by Rwandans

on Mobutu

Seven Mistakes of the Revolution
(Kabila)

Sexual violence.
See
Rapings

Simpson, Daniel

Sindabizera, Martin

Slave trade in/from the Congo

Socialist/Marxist ideology

in early Congo regime

of L. Kabila’s rebels

Seven Mistakes of Revolution
(L. Kabila)

as unattractive to Congolese

of Wamba

Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Speke, John Hanning

Stereotyping

of Banyamulenge

of the Congo

of Hutu–Tutsi conflicts

of physical appearances of Tutsi, Hutu

Sudan

Swarbrick, Peter

Tanzania

in alliance to overthrow Mobutu

refugee camp in Ngara

as site of Ugandan rebellion against Amin

supports, withdraws support of, L. Kabila

Tavernier, Christian

Tembele, Yangandawele

Tenke Fungurume mine

Terry, Fiona

Tingi-Tingi, Zaire

and aid-to-killers concept

conditions and suffering of locals

massacre

Tshisekedi, Etienne

under Kabila’s regime

as Mobutu’s prime minister

public support for

reduced to marginal figure

Tutsi as ethnic group

as elite in North Kivu, denied citizenship

flee from Hutu pogroms (1961–1962)

flee to Rwanda (1995–1996)

origins linked to biblical theory

targeted by genocide

See also
Anti-Tutsi ideology; Banyamulenge (Congolese Tutsi)

Tutsi–Hutu conflicts

background

with class-based identities

ethnic polarization fails to explain violence

Uganda

history of discord with Rwandans

and Kagame

first Congo war: coalition overthrows Mobutu

second Congo war: drops Kabila, backs Bemba

second Congo war: battles Rwandans

use of donor aid

UN accusations of plundering

Wamba’s new rebellion fails

withdraws troops from Congo

Umutesi, Beatrice

in refugee camps

flees across Congo

on injustices

UNITA

United Nations

evacuate Tutsi from Bukavu

–French mission stalls Hutu flight

investigators not allowed in DRC

massacre investigations

and refugee camps in Zaire

report on rapings

settle Rwandans into Congo (1959–1964)

troops deployed in Kivus

United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)

United Nations Multi-National Task Force

United Nations peacekeeping mission

United States

embassy in Kinshasa stormed

new relations with J. Kabila

and refugees in camps

tells Mobutu to step down

See also
CIA