Darwin Among the Machines (56 page)

truth and proof in,
39
,
42
,
49–50
,
53–54
,
56
,
168
,
228

matrix

biological,
19

computational,
177
,
183
,
215

Matthew, Patrick (1790–1874),
17

Mauchly, John W. (1907–1980),
81
,
82
,
85
,
90
,
98

McClelland, J. E.,
159

McCulloch–Pitts symbolism,
90

McCulloch, Warren S. (1898–1969),
72
,
89
,
109
,
157

on Bigelow and origins of cybernetics,
101

on Theseus, Shannon's mechanical mouse,
150

on when the brass head speaks,
213

Mead, Carver, on neural computation,
169

meaning, and economy,
8
,
133
,
156
,
158–59
,
171

“Mechanical Creation, The” (Butler),
25

mechanical intelligence,
70
,
211
.
see also
artificial intelligence

mechanical notation (Babbage),
38–39
,
49
,
128

memes,
28

memory (digital)

acoustic delay-line,
68–69
,
90
,
104
,
108
,
133

and analytical engine,
38
,
40–42
,
103

cost of,
8
,
122
,
185
,
209

electronic, internal, and Colossus,
65

hierarchical,
98

magnetic drum, wire, and tape,
98
,
100–101
,
180

magnetic-core,
81
,
180

nature of,
8
,
69
,
216

proliferation of,
8
,
12
,
122
,
124
,
209

punched paper tape, and SSEC,
103–104

random-access (RAM),
69
,
98
,
103–105
,
113
,
122

read-only (ROM),
40
,
81

Selectron,
104
,
148

and stored-program computers,
41
,
67
,
69
,
81
,
90
,
104
,
215

Williams tube (CRT),
67
,
70
,
104–105
,
113
,
117

memory capacity, of the human brain,
136

Menabrea, Luigi F. (1809–1896),
41

Mendelssohn, Felix (1809–1847),
225

Mercury, or the Secret and Swift messenger
(Wilkins),
132

Merezhkovsky, Konstantin S. (1855–1921),
111–12

metabolism.
see also
origins of life

biological 29–30,
32
,
202
,
224
,

technological,
8
,
30
,
32
,
123
,
172
,
202
,
215
,
224

without replication? 30,
32

metalanguages,
123

metamathematics,
49–50
.
see also
formal systems
;
incompleteness
;
logic

metaphysics,
3–4
,
38
,
73
,
171
,
172
,
205

meteorology.
See
weather prediction

Metricom, Inc.,
207–208

Metropolis, Nicholas,
78
,
91–92
,
102

microcontrollers,
8
.
see also
microprocessors

microcosm, organic beings as,
192

Micrographia
(Hooke),
135

microorganisms,
121
,
136

as genetic reserve,
128–29

Martian, of Olaf Stapledon,
199–201

and nanotechnology,
174

and symbiogenesis,
112–13

microprocessors.
see also
integrated circuits

and collective intelligence,
72
,
157
,
174
,
192
,
204
,
209–210

cost, and production of,
8

embedded versus non-embedded,
8

origins and evolution,
98
,
108
,
122
,
157
,
202–203

premonitions of,
37
,
39
,
98
,
173–74

proliferation of,
7–8
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
109
,
122
,
185
,
192
,
202–203
,
208–209

and wireless telecommunications,
208–209

microwave communications,
148
,
152
,
208

MIKE (H-bomb) test, Eniwetok Atoll (1952),
111

Miller, Agnes (1894–1984),
193
,
198

Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates
, (RAND),
145

Mind.
see also
artificial intelligence
;
brain
;
Can machines think?
;
consciousness
;
intelligence
;
logic
;
neural networks

and brain,
5
,
45–48
,
72
,
87
,
89
,
109–110
,
136
,
155–59
,
168
,
176
,
204
,
214–15
,
219
,
225

composite,
34
,
168
,
172
,
199–200
,
203–204
,
209–210
,
217–18
,
224
,
227–28

and computability,
5–7
,
36
,
39
,
43
,
50
,
58
,
59
,
70
,
72
,
73
,
157

and electrons,
109
,
198

emergence of,
9
,
222–24

Hobbes on physical nature of,
3–5
,
39
,
51

Hooke on operation and capacity of,
136

human, capacity of,
136
,
217

and incompleteness,
50
,
70
,
72

Leibniz on,
35–36
,
38
,
51

and mechanism,
3–9
,
25–26
,
35
,
47
,
50–51
,
59
,
70
,
73
,
87
,
108–110
,
168
,
211
,
214
,
227

and music,
222–24
,
225

origins and evolution,
81–82
,
172
,
211
,
219
,
222–25

robustness of,
176

unpredictability of,
9
,
35
,
45
,
72–73
,
109–110

minimax theorem, defined,
154

Minsky, Marvin,
7
,
72
,
111

MTT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology),
80
,
98
,
144
,
179
,
180

Mivart, St. George Jackson (1827–1900),
18

“Model of General Economic Equilibrium” (von Neumann),
155

modeling.
see also
self-organizing systems
;
weather prediction
;
vision

of air defense,
178–82

computational,
62
,
83
,
85
,
86–88
,
110
,
196–97

of evolution,
27
,
29
,
111–19
,
125–26

and evolution of consciousness,
10
,
82

and evolution of control,
179
,
183–84

of intelligence,
71
,
72
,
89
,
175–76
,
184–85

modems, wireless,
208

molecules.
see also
DNA
;
RNA

as code,
19
,
144

evolution of,
12

as parts,
173

and self-replication,
29
,
113
,
118
,
123
,
129

Monadology
(Leibniz),
35
,
51

money

and cryptography,
62
,
165
,
167

and cost of decreasing entropy,
170

electronic,
165
,
167–70

evolution of,
162–68
,
170

and intelligence,
165–71

velocity of,
164
,
167

Moore School of Electrical Engineering (Philadelphia),
80–81
,
90
,
98
,
99
,
104

Morgenstern, Oskar (1902–1977),
146
,
153
,
154
,
158
,
167
,
168
,
171

morphogenesis,
70
,
160
,
175

Morrison, Philip,
v
,
11
,
192

Morse code,
142
,
175
,
184
,
225

Morse, Samuel (1791–1872),
142

mouse (computer input), origins of,
226

MS-DOS (operating system),
121

multiplexing (telecommunications),
8
,
148
,
152

frequency-division,
208

time-division,
143
,
205

music,
35
,
204
,
218–20
,
221–26

mutation, and evolution,
20
,
113–17
,
120

My Garden; its Plan and Culture
(Smee),
48

Myers, Frederic W. H. (1843–1901),
201

Myers, Leopold (1881–1944),
201

Myhill, John (1923–1987),
190

mythology,
211–12
,
227

N

nanotechnology,
173–74

Napoléon (1769–1821),
138

Nash, John,
155

National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, U.K.,
68–70
,
150
,
196

natural selection,
19
,
27–28
,
29–30
,
116
,
215
/219,
226

and argument from design,
18
,
116
,
186
,
189

and artificial selection,
113
,
115
,
120
,
185
,
189
,
190
,
215
,
216

and design,
18
,
27

Erasmus Darwin on,
20

insufficiencies of,
18
,
27
,
115–16
,
186–87
,
190

and intelligence,
82
,
186
,
189

and Lamarckian evolution,
29–30

nature

and artificial life,
1–2
,
25

and complexity,
13
,
192

and design,
12
,
13
,
108
,
185–86
,
189
,
215

end of? 13

and game theory,
153
,
155
,
171–72

and intelligence,
189
,
215
,
227–28

and technology,
ix
,
228

Nautical Almanac,
39
,
59
,
79

neo-Darwinism,
18
,
30
,
31

nervous systems,
46–48
,
127
,
174
,
184
,
192
.
see also
brain
;
neural networks
;
self-organizing systems

embryonic,
175

fault-tolerance of,
108
,
169
,
176

models of,
71
,
89–90
,
108
,
176

statistical nature of,
156–57
,
159
,
169

study of, as cerebral meteorology,
85

wireless,
199–200

networks.
see also
neural networks
,
telecommunications
,
packet switching

all-optical,
131

circuit-switched vs. packet-switched,
11–12
,
149

damage-resistant,
147
,
149
,
168

fiber optic,
9
,
203

financial,
62
,
167–170
,
171

in microbiology,
12

microwave,
148
,
152
,
208

optical telegraph,
138–39

origins and evolution,
133–34
,
138–39
,
140–44
,
146–52
,
180
,
183