Delphi (58 page)

3
. Jacquemin
252;
Jacquemin 1991a: 229.

4
. Coins: Bommelaer 1991: 36. Coins with Corycian cave: Weir 2004: 104.

5
. For the series of Delphic coins with Antinous: Blum 1913, Roux 1976: 200, Jacquemin 1991a: 229. The cult statue: indeed the incredibly good condition of the statue on its discovery during the major excavation of Delphi at the end of the nineteenth century has prompted scholars to think the cult was not left to fail after the death of Hadrian in
AD
138, but continued to be cared for (and thus function) for a long time afterward. See Picard 1991: 133.

6
. Columns for running track: Bommelaer 1991: 76. It's uncertain whether new baths were also added to the gymnasium precinct in this period or slightly later: Bommelaer 1991: 73. Roman agora: Weir 2004: 95–96. One of the workshops in this area—a glass manufacturer—dates to the second and third centuries
AD
. Asclepieion: Bommelaer 1991: 233.

7
. Changes to tradition:
CID
IV 152; see Vatin 1965: 7–21, Jacquemin 1999: 275. For reorganization of the territory belonging to Delphi, see: Vatin 1965: 74–127, 157–95, Ferrary and Rousset 1998, Rousset 2002a: 231. For discussion of the damiourgoi, and the degree to which this constituted a new part of the civic system at Delphi: Vatin 1965: 232–40. Correspondence between Hadrian and Delphi:
FD
III 4 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308. For the “peace of the universe” letter (
FD
III 4 307) see Flacelière 1971: 175.

8
.
FD
III 4 302 (
CID
IV 152), col. II.3–6. For Nero's rearrangement, see the previous chapter and Jacquemin 1991a: 229.

9
. See Jacquemin 1991a: 230. The comparison between the Amphictyony and modern international organizations will be discussed in the conclusion.

10
. Aim of the Panhellenion: see Spawforth and Walker 1986: 104. Requirement for membership: Spawforth and Walker 1985: 81–82, Romeo 2002: 21, 31. Delphi original heart of Panhellenion: Romeo 2002: 24–25. Report of Senate:
FD
III 4 78 col II.1–6; Daux 1975: 355–58, Sanchez 2001: 434–35, Spawforth 2012: 252. Panhellenion at Athens: Spawforth and Walker 1985: 82–100.

11
.
Syll
³
835 A; Jacquemin
311.

12
. Coins: Bommelaer 1991: 36, Weir 2004: 173–75. Statue of Antoninus Pius:
CID
IV 161; Jacquemin 1999: 75.

13
. See Weir 2004: 113. The philosophical maxims of Delphi (“know thyself,” etc.) were visible at Delphi from the fifth century
BC
. But the earliest mention of the story in which the Seven Sages were said to have been responsible for inscribing the Delphic them onto the temple is in Diodorus Siculus, writing in the first century
BC
(Diod. Sic. 9.10.4). See also Dio Chrys. 72.12; Paus. 10.24.1. Once again, Delphi's Roman world audience seems to be augmenting and rearticulating Delphi's history and as a result its place and role within the Mediterranean world.

14
. Aulus Gellius: Aul. Gell. 12.5.1. For the full list of attested philosophers at Delphi during this period, see Weir 2004: 115–16. The city of Delphi erected a statue in honor of a sophist from Byblus (in Lebanon) at the end of the second century
AD
:
FD
III 3 244; Ephesus put up a statue of the Sophist Soterus circa
AD
150:
FD
III 4 265; Hypata erected a statue of a Sophist at around the same time:
CID
IV 158; and a group of disciples erected a monument for T. Flavius Phoinix of Hypata during the second century
AD
: Jacquemin
471
. Some statues from this period of individuals rendered in “philosopher-like” style, yet without identification as such through an inscribed base, were also found during the excavation of the site: Picard 1991: 135.

15
. E.g., Amphictyony honoring agonothetes with statues in the second century
AD
: Jacquemin
023, 027.
Argos erected a statue in
AD
176 to M. Aurelius Ptolemaius, a victorious poet, which they placed in their centuries'-old dedication, the Argive semicircle at the southeast corner of the Apollo sanctuary:
FD
III 1 89; Bommelaer 1991: 115. Nicomedia (in Bithynia in Asia Minor) erected a statue to one of its Pythian musical victors during the Antonine period: Jacquemin
375.

16
. Ancyra: Jacquemin
064.
Myra:
FD
III 1 548. Sardis: Jacquemin
429, 430, 431.

17
. A well-known tradition in the Roman world was to make copies of classical Greek works of art in order to export them around the empire. This seems to have been going on at Delphi, too, in this period: some remains of casts (particularly heads) have been found at the site: Picard 1991: 131.

18
. Herodes Atticus: Graindor 1930. Building at Delphi: Weir 2004: 110–11. Stadium: Aupert 1979, Amandry 1981a: 720–21, Bommelaer 1991: 215–17. Statues of Herodes Atticus, his wife, and Polydeucion put up by the city of Delphi:
FD
III 3 66; 71; Jacquemin
188
. Statues set up by Herodes Atticus and his family: Jacquemin
088, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95.

19
. Confirming independence of the sanctuary:
FD
III 4 313. Lengthy correspondence, e.g.,
FD
III 4 328. For further discussion: Pouilloux 1971: 380.

20
. For general discussion of these burial areas: Maass 1997: 70–73. Underground crypt: Bommelaer 1991: 221. Sarcophagus: Zagdoun 1977: 107–32, Bommelaer 1991: 41, Picard 1991: 130.

21
. Spartan theopropos:
FD
III 1 215; Galen: Parke and Wormell
463;
Parke and Wormell 1956a: 409.

22
. Lucian
J. Conf
. 12;
J. Trag.
6, 28;
Philopat
. 5;
Phal.
1, I–II, 2, 9. See Parke and Wormell 1956a: 286–87.

23
. Pausanias saw Antinous: Juul 2010: 15. Age: Habicht 1988: 12–13. His genre of writing: Habicht 1988: 2.

24
. On the debate around the nonsurvival of an original eleventh book: Juul 2010: 16.

25
. Indeed they decided to excavate in the same order as Pausanias recounted his visit to Delphi so that they could make the best use of the text in identifying the many monuments Pausanias described: Amandry 1992a: 75, Radet 1992: 144.

26
. Criticism of von Wilamovitz Moellendorff: Juul 2010: 17. Difficulties of using Pausanias for archaeology: see Lacroix 1992, Jacquemin 2001.

27
. Goal of Pausanias's narrative: Habicht 1988, Elsner 2001: 18, Elsner 2004: 262, Hutton 2005b, Hutton 2005a. Pausanias's focus: Daux 1936b: 179, Heer 1979: 288, Alcock 1996: 250. Nothing after 260
BC
: Daux 1936b: 173, Habicht 1988: 23, 134–35, Weir 2004: 105. For discussion of the implications of his agenda for his description of different sites: Heer 1979: 280–300; Bommelaer 2001; Pretzler 2007: 8; Scott 2010: 229–33.

28
. Not read in antiquity: Habicht 1988: 1. See “it is indeed a blessing that what this loner achieved can still be read today”: Habicht 1988: 27. Spluttering Hellenism: Habicht 1988: 25.

29
. Stadium: Bommelaer 1991: 216–17. Sacred land: Paus. 10.37.5

30
. Response of Septimius:
FD
III 4 329; Pouilloux 1971: 380. Restoration of temple:
FD
III 4 269, 270, 271; Weir 2004: 93. Archaeological evidence for restoration of the temple at this time: Bommelaer 1991: 101, 181. They may also date to the period of Emperor Julian the Apostate well over a century later: Amandry 1989. See also Rousset 2002a: 280.

31
. M. Junius Mnaseas:
FD
III 1 553; Jacquemin 1991a: 218. Statues by Delphians of family members: Jacquemin
259, 260
. Important officials: M. Aurelius Niciades (the last of the epimeletai known in the surviving records although
the position certainly continued)
Syll
³
874B (also honored by the Amphictyony
FD
III 6 96), see Pouilloux 1980: 293. Tib. Claudius Callippianus (proconsul of Achaea): Jacquemin
160
; and G. Publius Proculeianus:
FD
III 4 473. The proconsul of Asia would also be honored jointly by the Amphictyony and the city of Delphi in
AD
225–50: Jacquemin
058.

32
. Statues of Leonticus: Jacquemin
244, 245, 246, 247, 248.
See
FD
III 4 269–71. On Leonticus and his status, see: Vatin 1965: 143, 153–56. Roman agora: this is an area not yet fully published or understood, with a mix of Roman and early Christian period housing: Bommelaer 1991: 89, 236–37.

33
. Clement of Alexandria: Clem. Al.
Protr
. l.c.; Parke and Wormell 1956a: 288. Origen: Origen
C. Cels.
3.25, 7.3. Indeed Porphery, writing in the third century
AD
, now credits Delphi with being the first oracle to sanction sacrifice using ox, pig, and sheep in the earliest days of Greek civilization, strengthening Delphi's claim to historic and cultic significance: Parke and Wormell
536
; Parke and Wormell 1956a: 364.

34
. Hypatians: Heliod.
Aeth.
2.34; Pouilloux 1983: 274–76, Weir 2004: 59. Expansion of Pythian games: for the full list of new games, see Weir 2004: 179–80. Wide variations in the games at different places, e.g., the Pythian festival at Perinthus copied Delphi in having no cash prizes, but the games at Ancyra made financial awards to its victors: Weir 2004: 176. Expansion not known at Delphi: Weir 2004: 176.

35
. Publicity through the minting of coins in host cities: Weir 2004: 194. Wider change in emperor worship: Mitchell 1990, Mitchell 1993: 221, Weir 2004: 177. Pythian festival at Thessalonike: Weir 2004: 198. For a description of the atmosphere in the mid-to late second century
AD
at the games: Weir 2004: 124–29. Decline in numbers
AD
217–59: Weir 2004: 130.

36
. Rise of Apollo Helios: Weir 2004: 89, 210. “Third century crisis” for the empire, see Mennen 2011.

37
. Gordian III:
FD
III 4 274. Gallienus: Jacquemin
168.
Valerian: Jacquemin
204.
Gallienus seems to have engaged in correspondence with the sanctuary (although only fragments of the inscribed letter survived (to do with Pythian games): Vatin 1965: 250. Claudius Gothicus: Jacquemin
167.
Carus: Jacquemin
153,
Syll
³
897. This statue base was seen by Cyriac of Ancona in the fifteenth century; Jannoray 1946: 259–61.

38
. Eastern baths: Bommelaer 1991: 196. Sinope: Jacquemin
440.
Mercenaries: Jacquemin
472.

39
. Last dual Amphictyonic and Delphic statue: Jacquemin 1991a: 231. Last Amphictyonic statue of Philiscus: Jacquemin
051
;
FD
III 4 273. Last known record:
FD
III 2 161; Jacquemin 1991a: 231, Jacquemin 1999: 79. Debate over ability to act: see Daux 1975, Weir 2004: 59.

40
. Claudius:
Syll
³
801 A (Jacquemin
157
); Pharsalians: Jacquemin
389.
See Jacquemin 1999: 230. Athenian treasury:
FD
III 2 142; Bousquet 1942–43: 124–26, Weir 2004: 90. For a wider assessment of this period of Roman history: Mitchell 2007.

41
. Meetings of damiourgoi: Weir 2004: 54. Statues of philosophers: Picard 1991: 138.

42
. For the wider history of this period, see Harries 2012.

43
. Last major building project: Bousquet 1952c: 660. Inscription from
AD
319:
SEG
12.266; Weir 2004: 54. Menogenes' role in Athens: Bousquet 1952c: 653–57. This donation is accepted officially by the damiourgoi; the Amphictyony are not even mentioned: Bousquet 1952c: 657, Ginouvés 1955. Donation used for: Bousquet 1952c: 660, Bommelaer 1991: 196. It is perhaps at this time (or slightly later) that the stoa and terrace of Attalus is completely reconstructed so as to serve as a massive cistern for the baths: Bommelaer 1991: 191–92, Etienne 1996: 183.

44
. Vatin 1962: 229. The remains of the serpent column from Delphi still stand today in the middle of Constantine's hippodrome in Istanbul, flanked by obelisks taken from Egypt, one in the fourth century
AD
and one in the tenth century
AD
. One of the golden serpent heads from the Plataean column is on display in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum. Constantine may have chosen this monument in particular because of its ongoing memorialization of the clash between East and West: Jung 2006: 378–81, Spawforth 2012: 273.

45
.
Syll
³
903A;
Syll
³
903B.

46
. Roman agora: Bommelaer 1991: 89. The stylobate of the north portico is composed entirely of reused material: Weir 2004: 94. Place for Imperial statues: Weir 2004: 94.

47
. Dalmatius: Jacquemin
165.
Hadrian: Jacquemin
169.

48
. Statue for Flavius Constantius: Vatin 1962: 232–35. Reuse of base: Jacquemin 1999: 230.

49
. See Freeman 2009: 215.

50
. Reassurance of Delphic cult liberty, following complaint received: Vatin 1965: 253–64, Pouilloux 1980: 294.

51
. Euseb.
Praep. Evang.
5,16; Parke and Wormell 1956a: 287.

52
. Parke and Wormell
475;
Barrow 1967: 36.

53
. See Prudent.
Apotheosis
438; Parke and Wormell
518
; Parke and Wormell 1956a: 288–89.

54
. For Julian's defense of Delphi: Julian
Or
. 6.188a;
Gal.
198c. The irony is that not a single inscription from Delphi survives praising Julian: Vatin 1962: 235. Julian's inquiry of the oracle: Parke and Wormell 1956a: 290. The last response: Parke and Wormell
476
. Consultation not at Delphi but Daphne: Vatin 1962: 236–37.