Dirty Wars (102 page)

42
“
attack on US foreign policy
”:
Wilgoren and O'Hanlon, “Worship and Worry.”

42
“
killing of civilians in Afghanistan
”:
“Muslim Students Are Wary of the War,”
Washington Times,
October 11, 2001.

42
“
not going to happen
”:
Ellen Sorokin, “Area's Muslims Facing a Somber Ramadan; Terror Attack, War in Afghanistan Create ‘Gloomy Mood,'”
Washington Times,
November 16, 2001.

42
“
rushed into this war
”:
Video interview from November 2001, provided to the author by Travis Fox.

43
“
freedom to the people
”:
Transcript,
Morning Edition,
National Public Radio (hereafter NPR), November 1, 2001.

43
“
casualties from the civilians
”:
Video interview from November 2001, provided to the author by Travis Fox.

43
“
radical understanding
”:
Ibid.

44
vigilantes and federal agents
:
See Human Rights Watch USA, “‘We Are Not the Enemy': Hate Crimes Against Arabs, Muslims, and Those Perceived to Be Arab or Muslim After September 11,” November 14, 2002; “NPR Special Report: Muslims in America; Part One: Profiling the Proud Americans of ‘Little Mecca,'” NPR, October 21, 2001,
www.npr.org/news/specials/response/home_front/features/2001/oct/muslim/011022.muslim.html
.

44
“
element of feeling
”:
Transcript,
Talk of the Nation with Neal Conan,
NPR, November 15, 2001.

44
“
crude fashion
”:
Joe Cantlupe and Dana Wilkie, “Former San Diego Islamic Spiritual Defends Mosque,” Copley News Service, September 28, 2001.

44
“
radical voices
”:
Transcript,
Morning Edition,
NPR, November 1, 2001.

44
“
American Muslims
”:
Jean Marbella, “Ramadan Raises Conflicting Loyalties; US Muslims Feel Pull of Nation, Solidarity; War on Terrorism,”
Baltimore Sun,
October 28, 2001.

44
“
enemy of Islam
”:
Transcript,
Morning Edition,
NPR, November 1, 2001.

45
“
privilege
”:
E-mail from undisclosed sender to undisclosed recipients, subject: “RE: Luncheon Speaker—Islam and Middle Eastern politics and culture—February 5th—Response date—1/31,” sent February 1, 2002, obtained by public intelligence,
http://publicintelligence.net/dod-email-discussing-anwar-al-aw-lakis-2002-presentation-at-the-pentagon/
.

45
“
secretary of the Army's
”:
Catherine Herridge, “Exclusive: Al Qaeda Leader Dined at the Pentagon Just Months After 9/11,”
FoxNews.com
, October 20, 2010.

45
“
attended a luncheon
”:
Ibid.

45
“
East Side West Side
”:
E-mail from undisclosed sender, “RE: Luncheon Speaker.”

45
PBS documentary
:
Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet,
PBS, 2002, produced by KiKim
Media and Unity Productions Foundation/A KQED Presentation, Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

45
sweeping raids
:
Jerry Markon, “Muslim Anger Burns over Lingering Probe of Charities,”
Washington Post,
October 11, 2006.

46
Operation Green Quest
:
Associated Press, “Feds Launch ‘Operation Green Quest,'”
CBSNews.com
, October 25, 2001.

46
International Institute of Islamic Thought
:
Judith Miller, “A Nation Challenged: The Money Trail; Raids Seek Evidence of Money-Laundering,”
New York Times,
March 21, 2002.

46
Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciences
:
Riad Z. Abdelkarim and Basil Z. Abdelkarim, “Islam in America: As American Muslims Face New Raids, Muslim Charities Fight Back,”
Washington Report on Middle East Affairs,
May 2002, pp. 80–81.

46
property seized
:
Markon, “Muslim Anger Burns.”

46
five hundred boxes
:
Ibid.

46
“
attack on every one of us
”:
Audio recording of Anwar al Awlaki sermon, Virginia, March 2002, transcription by Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, “As American as Apple Pie: How Anwar al-Awlaki Became the Face of Western Jihad,” The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, London, 2011.

46
“
struggle for those rights
”:
Ibid.

46
active subject
:
Herridge,
The Next Wave,
p. 91.

46
“
various investigations
”:
Chitra Ragavan, “The Imam's Very Curious Story,”
US News and World Report,
June 13, 2004,
www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040621/21plot.htm
.

46
flip him
:
Awlaki, “Spilling Out the Beans.”

46
“
across state lines
”:
Ragavan, “The Imam's Very Curious Story.”

46
“
Why are you leaving?
”:
Transcript, “Connections Between Radical Cleric, Hasan Closely Examined,”
NewsHour,
PBS, November 12, 2009.

47
running for parliament
:
Meleagrou-Hitchens, “As American as Apple Pie.”

47
his own TV show
:
Shane and Mekhennet, “Imam's Path.”

47
“
ruined him
”:
Meleagrou-Hitchens, “As American as Apple Pie.”

47
“
war against Muslims
”:
Audio recording of Imam Anwar al Awlaki sermon, unconfirmed location, March 2002.

48
“
worldwide war
”:
Transcript, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, “Address to the Men and Women of Fort Bragg/Pope AFB,” Fort Bragg, NC, November 21, 2001.

48
secret meeting
:
Rowan Scarborough,
Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander
(Washington, DC: Regnery, 2004), pp. 8–10.

48
“
joint headquarters
”:
Description of Joint Special Operations Command from “Special Operations Forces Reference Manual,” compiled and developed for the Joint Special Operations Forces Institute by Cubic Applications, Inc., January 1998.

49
Operation Eagle Claw
:
Mark Bowden, “The Desert One Debacle,”
Atlantic,
May 2006.

49
went down in a sandstorm
:
Ibid.

49
several crucial aircraft
:
Ibid.

49
abort mission order
:
Ibid.

49
Eight US service members
:
Ibid.

49
hostages for weapons
:
Gary Sick, “The Election Story of the Decade,” op-ed,
New York Times,
April 15, 1991.

49
just minutes after
:
NBC Nightly News,
January 20, 1981,
www.nbc.com/news-sports/msnbc-video/2012/01/from-the-archives-reagan-sworn-in-iran-hostages-released/
.

49
Honey Badger
:
Tom Clancy, with General Carl Stiner (Ret.),
Shadow Warriors: Inside the Special Forces
(New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002), p. 9.

49
Che Guevara
:
Author interview, Colonel W. Patrick Lang (Ret.), September 2010. Details of Colonel Lang's background and credentials come from the author's interview. Also see “Bio of Col. W. Patrick Lang,” Sic Semper Tyrannis (blog), turcopolier.typepad.com.

50
“
training and leading indigenous forces
”:
Ibid. All statements and information attributed to Colonel Lang come from the author's interview.

50
force multiplier
:
Lieutenant Colonel David E. Hill Jr., “The Shaft of the Spear: US Special Operations Command, Funding Authority, and the Global War on Terrorism,” US Army War College Strategy Research Project, March 15, 2006.

50
Delta Force had formed
:
See Command Sergeant Major Eric L. Haney,
Inside Delta Force: The Story of America's Elite Counterterrorist Unit
(New York: Bantam Dell, 2003), pp. 1–4.

50
founding commander
:
“Seal Team Six,” Special Operations Forces Situation Report (SOFREP), accessed September 5, 2012,
http://sofrep.com/devgru-seal-team-6/
. Other details of the origins of SEAL Team 6 come from SOFREP's brief history.

51
Field Operations Group
:
Michael Smith,
Killer Elite: The Inside Story of America's Most Secret Special Operations Team
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006), pp. 20–21.

51
successful rescue operation
:
Ibid., pp. 22–46.

51
Grenada
:
See Ronald H. Cole, “Operation Urgent Fury: Grenada,” Joint History Office, Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1997.

51
“
the use of sabotage, killing
”:
Robert Chesney, “Military-Intelligence Convergence and the Law of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate,”
Journal of National Security Law and Policy
5 (2012): 539–629.

52
Pablo Escobar
:
See Mark Bowden,
Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw
(New York: Penguin Books, 2001), pp. 147, 259.

52
former Yugoslavia
:
Paula Broadwell, with Vernon Loeb,
All In: The Education of General David Petraeus
(New York: Penguin Press, 2012), pp. 148–153; Smith,
Killer Elite,
pp. 192–193.

52
secret presidential directive
:
“Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC),”
GlobalSecurity.org
, accessed October 1, 2012,
www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/dod/jsoc.htm
.

52
Waco, Texas
:
Philip Shenon, “Documents on Waco Point to a Close Commando Role,”
New York Times,
September 5, 1999.

52
World Cup, Summer Olympics
:
“Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC),”
GlobalSecurity.org
.

52
“
transnational threats
”:
Eric Schmitt, “Commandos Get Duty on U.S. Soil,”
New York Times,
January 23, 2005.

52
80 percent
:
Marc Ambinder and D. B. Grady,
The Command: Deep Inside the President's Secret Army
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2012, Kindle edition).

52
“
ace in the hole
”:
Author interview, General Hugh Shelton (Ret.), March 2011. All information and statements attributed to General Shelton come from the author's interview, unless otherwise noted.

52
most of his military career
:
“General Henry Hugh Shelton Biography,” website of the General H. Hugh Shelton Leadership Center at North Carolina State University, accessed October 5, 2012,
www.ncsu.edu/extension/sheltonleadership/shelton-forum/documents/GENERALHENRYHUGHSHEL-TONBIOGRAPHYOct07.pdf
.

53
rescue of Kurt Muse
:
“Delta Force Pulled Off Daring Rescue,” Associated Press, January 3, 1990.

53
war plan
:
Tom Clancy, with General Carl Stiner (Ret.),
Shadow Warriors: Inside the Special Forces
(New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002), p. 409. Clancy writes, “‘Schwarzkopf was a good example of a senior officer who did not understand special operations and was afraid of it,' said Special Forces vet Maj. General Jim Guest, who served as the J-3 at SOCOM. Schwarzkopf's mentality was, ‘I have a coiled cobra in a cage and if I open the cage, that cobra is going to get out and possibly embarrass me.'”

53
“
In 1996 alone
”:
U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM),
History of SOCOM,
6th ed., March 31, 2008.

53
large-scale operations
:
Ibid.

53
“
reduced emphasis
”:
General Wayne Downing, memorandum to Rumsfeld and General Peter Pace, chairman of the Joint Chiefs, “Special Operations Forces Assessment,” November 9, 2005. Retrieved from
http://rumsfeld.com/library/
.

53
propose missions
:
Richard H. Shultz Jr., “Showstoppers: Nine Reasons Why We Never Sent Our Special Operations Forces After al Qaeda Before 9/11,”
Weekly Standard
9 (19), January 26, 2004.

53
included JSOC
:
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (Philip Zelikow, Executive Director; Bonnie D. Jenkins, Counsel; Ernest R. May, Senior Advisor),
The 9/11 Commission Report
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 136.

53
“
never used once
”:
Shultz, “Showstoppers.”

54
approximately twenty operations
:
Ibid.