Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great's Empire (41 page)

4
. Curtius 10.5.4.

5
. Bosworth 1992, 75–9.

6
. Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 1.3; for the meaning of the Greek phrase, see Anson 1992, Hammond 1985, and Meeus 2009 a.

7
. Justin 13.4.4.

8
. Errington 1970.

9
. For full details, see DS 18.3; Curtius 10.1–4; Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 1.5–8; Dexippus fr. 1; with Appendix 2 in Heckel 1988.

10
. On the preserved Argead tombs at Vergina, the modern village near the site of ancient Aegae, see especially Andronicos, tempered by Borza 1990, 253–66, and by Borza/Palagia 2007.

11
. Carney,
Olympias
, 61.

Chapter 3

1
. R. G. Kent,
Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon
(2nd ed., New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), 151–2. Alternatively:
http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/XPh.html
.

2
. Curtius 9.7.11.

3
. DS 18.7.1.

4
. DS 18.7.2.

5
. See especially Billows 1990, 292–305; Billows 1995, 146–82; Briant 1978/1982; Fraser 1996. For the general connection between empire building and mass migration, see Pagden 2001.

6
. See Lecuyot in Cribb and Herrmann 2007, 155–62. For the city’s history, see Holt 1999. The site has apparently been pillaged and badly damaged by the Taliban in recent years.

7
. The inscription is Burstein 49; it can also be found at Holt 1999, 175.

8
. The guild is first heard of in an inscription of 287
BCE
, but as an already well-established organization:
IG
II
²
1132.

9
. Holt 1999, 44.

10
. Robertson 1993, 73.

11
. On Pytheas, see B. Cunliffe,
The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek
(New York: Penguin Books, 2003).

12
.
Koin
was such an important feature of the new world that the scholarly term “Hellenistic” for the entire period from Alexander’s death in 323 until the death of the last of the Macedonian rulers in 30
BCE
is derived from the Greek verb meaning “to speak Greek.”

13
. The few fragments of Manetho have been collected as
FGrH
609, those of Berossus as
FGrH
680. On both historians, see J. Dillery, “Greek Historians of the Near East: Clio’s ‘Other’ Sons,” in J. Marincola (ed.),
A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography
, vol. 1 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007), 221–30.

14
. Main literary sources for the Lamian War: DS 18.8–18; Plutarch,
Life of Phocion
23–9,
Life of Demosthenes
27–31; Hyperides 6 (
Funeral Speech
).

15
. The evidence for this incident is difficult to interpret: see Carney 2006, 67–8.

16
. Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 12 (cf. Plutarch,
Life of Pyrrhus
8.2).

17
. Hyperides 6 (
Funeral Speech
).

18
. Plutarch,
Life of Demosthenes
30.5.

19
. The historian Polybius’s description of mercenaries at 13.6.4. See also Niccolò Machiavelli,
The Prince
, ch. 12 : “Such troops are disunited, ambitious, insubordinate, treacherous, insolent among friends, cowardly before foes, and without fear of God or faith with man” (trans. N. H. Thomson).

20
. Text and discussion of the tablet in Jordan 1980.

21
. On polygamy etc., see Ogden 1999.

Chapter 4

1
. e.g. Inarus of Egypt in 454 (Ctesias fr. 14.39 Lenfant); Ariobarzanes in 362 (Harpocration s.v. “Ariobarzanes”).

2
. Pausanias,
Guide to Greece
1.6.3.

3
. We are fortunate to have the text of the revised constitution:
SEG
9.1, translated as Austin 29 and Harding 126. Cyrenaica did not entirely shake off its political troubles, but it stayed in Ptolemaic hands until the Romans took it over in 96
BCE
.

4
. Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 1.22–3; Polyaenus,
Stratagems
8.60.

5
. Bosworth 1993, 425.

6
. This is a much-discussed episode of Alexander’s life. See e.g. Cartledge 2004, 265–70; Lane Fox 1973, 200–18. Texts in Heckel/Yardley, 217–22.

7
. Full description at DS 18.26–27. See Miller 1986 for discussion of the catafalque, and Erskine 2002 for the whole episode.

8
. DS 18.27.4.

9
. Aelian,
Miscellany
12.64.

10
. On Alexandria’s Alexander artwork, see Stewart 1993, Index s.v. “Alexandria.”

11
. A particularly good study of Ptolemy’s quest for legitimacy is Bingen 2007, ch. 1.

12
. Eumenes’ dream: DS 18.60.4–6; Seleucus’s dream: DS 19.90.4; Seleucus and Apollo: Justin 15.4.2–6.

13
. What little remains of his history is collected as
FGrH
138.

14
. Craterus’s monument: Plutarch,
Life of Alexander
40.5; the inscribed base of the bronze group has been preserved:
Fouilles de Delphes
3.4.2, no. 137. Craterus’s pretensions: Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 19. Leonnatus’s pretensions: Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 12 (cf. Plutarch,
Life of Pyrrhus
8.2). On the Mosaic, see Stewart 1993 130–50. On Alcetas’s tomb, Stewart 1993, 312. On the topic of legitimation in general, Meeus 2009 c.

15
. On Alexander’s postmortem influence, see also Errington 1976; Goukowsky 1978/1981; Lianou 2010; Meeus 2009 c; Stewart 1993.

16
. The starting point for further discussion is Cartledge 2000.

17
. J. K. Davies in Walbank et al.1984, 306.

18
. Plutarch tells the most famous story at
Life of Alexander
14.2–5. The complete texts can be found at
SSR
V B 31–49.

19
.
SSR
V H 70.

20
. Diogenes Laertius,
Lives of Eminent Philosophers
10.119; Epicurus,
Vatican Sayings
58.

21
. Posidippus 63 Austin/Bastianini.

22
. Posidippus 55 Austin/Bastianini; translation by Kathryn Gutzwiller.

23
.
Palatine Anthology
12.46; translation by Kathryn Gutzwiller.

24
. On the education of women in the Hellenistic period, see Pomeroy 1977.

25
. Women as benefactors: Burstein 45. Women holding public office: H. W. Pleket,
Epigraphica
, vol. 2:
Texts on the Social History of the Greek World
(Leiden: Brill, 1969), nos. 2, 5, 170. Women signing their own marriage contracts:
P.Tebt.
104.

26
. Thucydides,
The Peloponnesian War
3.82.8; see the perspicacious remarks of J. de Romilly in ch. 3 of
The Rise and Fall of States According to Greek Authors
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1977).

Chapter 5

1
. Within the forty years covered by this book, Agathocles made himself supreme in Syracuse and then in Sicily as a whole, and nearly defeated the Carthaginians in North Africa. In 304, after finally defeating his rivals, he declared himself king of Syracuse. He died in 289. A little farther north, the Romans were forcing all the northern Italian tribes to submit to their rule. The Greeks of the south would be next.

2
. Plutarch,
Life of Eumenes
7.4–7.

3
. On Philip’s military innovations, see Hammond 1989a, ch. 6.

4
. Polybius,
Histories
5.84.3; for war elephants in the ancient world, see Scullard 1974; Epplett 2007.

5
. For the claim that Egypt was now spear-won land, see DS 18.39.5, 20.76.7.

6
. Schlumberger 1969.

7
. Adea Eurydice’s actions at Triparadeisus are difficult to reconstruct from the conflicting sources; see e.g. Carney 2000, 132–34.

8
. DS 18.39.2. For fuller details of the distribution of satrapies, see DS 18. 39.5–6 and Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 1.34–8 (= Austin 30).

9
. Arrian,
After Alexander
fr. 1.34.

Chapter 6

1
. Plutarch,
Life of Eumenes
11.3–5.

2
. DS 19.16.

3
. DS 18.58.2.

4
. DS 18.56.8.

5
. On the Greek cities in the early Hellenistic period, see especially Billows 1990, ch. 6; Billows 2003; Chamoux 2003, ch. 6; Dixon 2007; Gruen 1993; Shipley 2000, 186–207.

6
. Polybius,
Histories
15.24.4.

7
. Many examples in Welles.

8
. Bagnall/Derow 14, dating from 283.

9
. See Chaniotis 2005, 116–17.

10
. McNicoll and Milner 1997, 103.

11
. See Chamoux 2003, 209–10, for discussion of a document from 206
BCE
, showing how hard it was for a small town to pay for building its own defenses.

12
. Austin 54; Bagnall/Derow 13.

Chapter 7

1
. There is a detailed account of Polyperchon’s Megalopolis campaign in DS 18. 70–71.

2
. Plutarch,
On the Fortune of Alexander
338a.

3
. See Murray 2012.

4
. Theophrastus,
Characters
8.6.

5
. e.g. Aristophanes,
Acharnians
628–58,
Frogs
389–90.

6
. Vitruvius,
On Architecture
7.5.2–3; see Pollitt, ch. 9.

7
. Green 1990, 234. The translation of Theocritus that, to my mind, best captures his spirit is that of Robert Wells,
Theocritus: The Idylls
(New York: Carcanet, 1988).

8
. Pliny,
Natural History
34.65.

9
. Aelian,
Miscellany
2.3; Pliny,
Natural History
35.95.

10
. DS 19.11.6; Aelian,
Miscellany
13.36. The lunar crater Ariadaeus is named, or misnamed, after Philip III Arrhidaeus.

11
. More details in DS 19.51.2–5.

12
. The identity of the occupants of Tomb 2 is extremely controversial. I follow the most recent work on the subject, that of Borza and Palagia 2007, but the alternative view, that the tomb’s main occupant was Philip II himself (along with his seventh and last wife), promulgated by the tomb’s original excavator, Andronicos, is still extremely popular, and is naturally enough the default position for tourists. On the hunt painting, see Saatsoglou-Paliadeli 2007.

13
. For some of the later history of the city, see Mark Mazower,
Salonica, City of Ghosts
(London: HarperCollins, 2005).