Another change he has noticed is the growing acceptability of solitary practice. It's easier and more acceptable to strike out on one's own today. Pagan solitaries and groups are found in the smallest communities, and the number of books, Web sites, and magazines addressing the specific needs of the GLBT subculture and queer spirituality continues to grow. He writes:
The Witches' Voice
alone has 66 entries for GLBT Pagan groups, and this is just the tip of the iceberg. And although lineaged traditions continue to play an important role in the Pagan community, we have moved, forever, from the time when they held the center stage. We are in the era of pop-influenced Paganism; a time characterized by fluid and rapid growth and a multiplicity and diversity of ideas. There are arguably more solitary practitioners than members of formal groups at this point in time. No one holds the keys to the kingdom; or, rather, everyone does.
There are of course negative and positive sides to the growth of what he calls “pop-influenced Paganism,” but Lloyd says it has been more positive than negative for the gay community. Lloyd divides contemporary queer spirituality into a number of categories:
⢠Dianic Wicca (covered extensively in Chapter 8 of this book and in the section on Wiccan traditions in Chapter 5). Most covens are open to women of all orientations, although many have a strong lesbian presenceâand many trace their origins to Z Budapest and the feminist covens of the 1970s. Others trace their origins to Starhawk, Reclaiming, or Morgan McFarland.
⢠The Minoan Brotherhood (see the section on Craft traditions in Chapter 5). This is the tradition of Witchcraft based on Cretan sources started by Eddie Buczynski as a safe haven for gay and bisexual men. There are now groups throughout the United States and Canada. There is also a Minoan Sisterhood.
⢠The Radical Faerie movement continues to grow, characterized by spontaneity and anti-authoritarianism. Michael Lloyd describes it as “having a pro-humanist, pro-environment, pro-sex vision of the world that contrasts sharply with the mainstream Western religious traditions.” He adds that while some groups include straight men and women, and even children, “gender bending is a hallmark of the radical faerie movement.”
⢠Feri Tradition (see the section on Wicca traditions in Chapter 5 and quotes by Victor Anderson). Blind poet and shaman Victor Anderson, author of
Thorns of the Blood Rose,
his wife, Cora Anderson, Gwydion Pendderwen, and several others founded the Feri Tradition. It began in the San Francisco Bay Area, and it is certainly not a “gay” tradition, but Michael Lloyd (Garan du) insists that “its emphasis on the movement of energies that are at once sensual and sexual, ecstatic and mystical, creative and eclectic, invocatory and trance-possessory, and its respect for the wisdom of Nature and a love of beauty,” have made the tradition more open to gay, bisexual, and transgendered people.
⢠Two-Spirit. This “modern phase,” writes Garan du, refers to the seers, visionaries, and peacekeepers of many Native American tribes before the arrival of the European explorers. Often they dressed in women's clothing and were what we now call “gay.” Garan du says many gays are learning to reconnect with their gifts, and that a new “Two-Spirit” tradition is rising.
There are now also other groups within the Pagan movement that are open to gay and transgendered individualsâcertain Heathen, Wiccan, Druid, Yoruba, and shamanic groups.
When asked what gifts queer Paganism brings the larger Pagan movement, Sparky T. Rabbit says that queer Pagans can help others get beyond the assumption that “masculine” equals “male” and “feminine” equals “female.” He says many people see these as unchanging, universal absolutes:
Our culture is absolutely obsessed with this concept of gender. We are so preoccupied with it that we even assign gender to human characteristics. So courage, boldness and strength become masculineâand therefore male, while gentleness, nurturing and empathy are labeled feminineâand therefore female.
Many, if not most, Wiccans and Witches have gone a step further by using the mythic image of the God and the Goddess to
spiritualize
masculinity and femininity into the very heart of their traditions. So, ironically, a religion that is often viewed by its adherents as being a radical alternative to mainstream society can actually reinforce the damaging gender stereotypes our culture presents to us.
Queer people, says Sparky, are called “unmasculine” and “unfeminine” because they do not fit into the rigid categories of the dominant cultures' story:
But the secret we know is that
all
humans, regardless of their gender or sexuality, have the potential to express
all
of the characteristics which society labels masculine and feminine. The fact is that femininity and masculinity are not universal absolutes, but rather social constructs which can and do change from culture to culture. Courage does not have a penis, and compassion does not have a vulva. Yet we talk about “men getting in touch with their feminine side,” as if men were explorers hacking their way through dense jungle in search of the Lost Gold of the Incas. We know it's there but it's
really hard
to find. As if tenderness were a foreign substance that has to be injected into men from the outside in order to take. The danger in talking about human characteristics or emotions as if they had gender is that we make it very tough for people to possess those qualities which have been assigned to another group. I know I am not a woman, and if I hear gentleness spoken of constantly as if it belongs only to women, then I will find it difficult to be a genuinely gentle man.
Michael Lloyd said he believes that queer spirituality brings a sense of mystery, of “otherness” to humankind. The old gods are far from dead, he says:
If you go to a gay club on a Saturday night, you will feel Dionysus throbbing in the sweaty, heated air around you on the dance floor. We know that the gods continue to live in us, because we feel them on a personal, visceral level even when we don't understand the “why” of it. Ecstatic faiths almost never arise from the upper strata of society where all the marrow has been sucked out of life in the process of screwing over the little guy while morally posturing with the Joneses. Ecstatic faiths manifest themselves amongst the little guys who are getting crapped on. The speakers-in-tongues, the shakers, and the gay clubbers all give those in power today the heebie jeebies, just as the Galli and the Bacchantes gave the Roman establishment the willies at the turn of another millennium. We have more in common with a gibbering, shaking Pentacostal than we do with any moralizing, self-righteous Baptist with a broomstick firmly lodged in his posterior.
Lloyd says that queer spirituality brings to the greater Pagan movement a sensibility that speaks to the gut and provides a vision of a different way of doing things:
Shake it up and shake it out, be hermetic, be mercurial, react, reject, rebel, look outside the bone box, look up the Goddess' skirt, be more than they'll let you be, breathe the free air, fight the good fight, seize the day, brave the elements, bust a nut, and live! All magick is an act of rebellion against the status quo.
He says queer Pagans also offer experience as healers, nurturers, artists, and musicians, perhaps because they are often able to see things from both a male and female point of view. Just as in some tribal societies, transgender people were able to walk between the worlds of the men's and women's houses, so he believes they may play a similar function in modern society.
In his
Resource Guide for Queer Pagans,
Lloyd argues that there were many ancient Pagan cultures where gay and transgender people thrived and where homoerotic activities were part of the priesthood, including the Assinu priests and priestesses of Inanna and Ishtar in Mesopotamia, the Galli priests and amazon priestesses of Cybele in Asia Minor, and the seidh priests of Freyja in Northern Europe.
Sparky T. Rabbit puts forth another idea. He says that oppression is the normal condition of many queer people. Their own “woundedness” often takes them through a shamanic initiation “that can take a heavy toll, resulting in depression, addictions, extreme feelings of unworthiness and other forms of self-destructive behavior.” He argues that many of the people who formed the early gay spirituality groups were in various forms of recovery and became extremely sensitive to patterns of abuse and dysfunction in the society at large. In addition to practicing an ecstatic, erotic, queer kind of Witchcraft, “we worked at creating communities that valued clear communication and emotional honesty, and groups that nipped abusive, manipulative behavior in the bud and taught folks to take care of themselves.” Indigenous societies have often acknowledged certain gifts of queer spirituality, but he believes that these gifts need to be acknowledged and celebrated in the larger Pagan community if that community is to share in them.
“So what does the greater Pagan community offer GLBT Pagans?” I asked. Garan du answered with the words: breathing room. Sanctuary. A place to belong. Community. Acceptance. And a way to connect with all kinds of people, gay, bi, straight, celibate, transgender, in a way that is hard to do in the greater society, even today.
Sparky T. Rabbit says the straight community can give its gay brothers and sisters the gift of celebration.
IV. The Material Plane
13.
Living on the Earth
When I wrote this chapter in the late 1970s, the two quotes at the beginning were, I think, pretty accurate. They no longer fit as well: Many more Pagans think seriously about environmental issues, and many more are active politically or in their communities. I have cut this chapter down significantly, leaving a good part of that early history and including some new thoughts about changes in Pagan attitudes toward politics and ecology in this century. The section on Pagan Festivals and their impact on creating community has been greatly expanded.
Â
The circle is a nice defensive mechanism to get away from the twentieth century and you need an escape point in this day and age. But we must also respond to the rest of our life on the outside. If we are not an alternative, we are not living our religion. It is as pure and simple as that. We are not a transcendental religion. We are not trying to transcend nature. Our religion is reality.
âMARK ROBERTS, Dianic priest
Â
Most Neo-Pagans and Crafters have never done any serious thinking about the implications of their belief system. Most of themâlike most Americansâare extremely shallow about religion. Take some of the basic issues that are tearing apart American Christianityâabortion, euthanasia, the morality of warâmost Pagans have not thought through on a logical basis what their belief systems really mean in making practical decisions in day-to-day life.
âISAAC BONEWITS, occultist and writer
Â
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MANY NEO-PAGANS will tell you that their religion is a “way of life.” There is no separation between the spiritual and the earthly; there is no retreat from the world of matter. A British Witch once observed to me brightly, “Your head in the clouds, your feet on the ground,
that's
the proper place or an occultist.”
Neo-Pagans do not live in ashrams. Most live in city apartments and suburban homes. A smaller but growing portion live on farms and in rural areas. While there has been a growing movement to buy land and create Pagan nature sanctuaries, this is still, by and large, a movement of people who live very much within the modern world. The temple of a Wiccan priestess is most likely either her home, a secluded backyard, or a neighboring park. Unlike those who enter highly organized and highly financed religious groups, Neo-Pagans do not, as a rule, live in a sympathetic religious community. They do not live apart. They do not live in a Neo-Pagan world. They often have quite “ordinary” jobs, raise ordinary families, and live very normal lives.
What then does it mean to call oneself a Pagan, or Neo-Pagan, or Witch in our society? What does this “way of life” look like? How different is it? Does it make a difference? To us? To others? To the world? If the primary bond between Pagans is one of imagination, does this bond make any difference in the “real” world? Does it affect the daily living of Pagan folk?
Furthermore, how do Pagans face the struggles of working and living in the United States? What do their lives look and feel like? Are they wealthy? Are they poor? Do they find contradictions between their spiritual values and their material realities, between their professional lives and their religious lives? Are they forced to split their personalities and lead double lives? If so, does it bother them?
For example, what do these participants in newly created or newly revived religions of nature think of modern civilization, modern technology? Are they antiscience, as so many scholars assume? Have they forsaken the cities and run off to the land? What are their views on ecology? How do they answer the standard accusation that occultism is an escape from reality, a cop-out from the vital issues of the day? Are they concerned with politics? Or do they believe that politics is a waste of time? Are they concerned with the transformation of society as well as the transformation of the self?