Jerrie Hildebrand says she's spent much of her energy working in interfaith areasâfighting for Pagan religious freedoms. She echoes what I heard from many: There are now more Pagans than UUs or Quakers, and yet those groups “are seen as mainstream religions and we are not. We are still considered the odd ones, the ones whose liberties are toyed with, who fight custody battles and town prayer suits.” Given the growth of the Pagan movement, the problem is no longer being a minority religion. She says it's about being unorganized. “Part of the problem,” Hildebrand says, “is this illusion that we are anarchistic.” “Well,” I say to her, “I confess that's partly how I got here; I wanted an anarchistic religion with few dogmas.” She counters: “But now our very survival hinges on being a real community, being organizedâonly that way will we secure our freedoms.” “What kind of an organizational structure do you see?” I asked. “All I am saying,” she said, “is we have strong organizations that have been doing the work, EarthSpirit, COG, Circle, Lady Liberty League. We don't have to reinvent the wheel, we just have to support those who have been doing the work and have put structures in place.”
Orion Foxwood says there are several signs that the Nature Religions movement is gaining depthâand one of those signs is a concern for one's ancestors. “We have ancestors, we have elders, and we are beginning to have roots,” he says. One thing he has noticed is that people are now looking to their own ancestral and cultural roots; there is much less appropriation of other cultures:
Sometimes I think the whole movement has been in Wicca 101, almost as if the spirits or the gods said, “Let's ease the culture into it.” For example, there is now much more direct contact with the spirit world. And Paganism is becoming more and more like traditional Witchcraft. For example, last night, everyone is around the fire, and going to these ecstatic places, and calling to the spirit world. And people are being fed, and watching the food and alcohol going around the circle, it was almost like white Voudoun, and you notice that more and more Voudoun and Native American folk are beginning to come to these gatherings, and they are saying, “These folks are beginning to do something.” I was talking to a Wampanog who was here at the festival, and he said, “You don't know it, but you are defining your tribal tradition for the generations to come. Fifty years from now what you are doing will be traditions.”
Foxwood tells his students to get exposed to other culturesâto Voudoun or Native American traditions,
not for the content,
he says; that would be cultural appropriation, but for the
taste
âhow does a tradition feel when it is practiced within a culture. Bring that taste into your own magical work, he says:
Real spiritual work is not fluff bunny stuff, it often means changing how you think, changing how you live, how you eat. And one of our real challenges is to acknowledge we have elders and listen to them. Real tribal cultures look at us, and I will tell you what one tribal elder, a Voudoun priest once told me. He said, “I am not interested in the white boys Pagan movement. Until they value their elders there must not be anything important there, so why should I waste my time.” But I am beginning to notice that elders
are
being acknowledged, and it bodes wellâbecause when you care for the roots, you care for the tree.
But at the same time that there is this growing sense of rootedness and maturity within Paganism, the movement is exploding on the Internet, bringing about a whole new set of concerns.
If you want a quick way to experience Wicca or Paganism on the Internet, there is a little program known as
Stumble.com
. You pick a topic out of some five hundred categories, you click, and it randomly takes you to one of the favored sites in the category. You could choose cars or wine, but you can also choose Paganism or Wicca. I chose Wicca and wandered to some forty or fifty different sites during a couple of hours. No site repeated during this process, and I only recognized one of the sites from ever seeing it before.
I noted previously that in 2002, James Lewis, in an appendix to
The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism,
said there were more than five thousand Pagan sites on the internet, and that the explosion of Paganism on the net had created a large group of “Internet Pagans,” people who came to Paganism through the Internet, joined chat groups, and maintained their solitary status. In other words, they didn't join covens or other Pagan groups except in cyberspace. This, he said, was changing the nature of Paganism.
There have always been solitary Pagans. You don't need the Internet for that. In the last twenty years many books have been published, both in England and the United States, that cater to the solitary Witch or Pagan, from Scott Cunningham's
Wicca for the Solitary Practitioner,
to Marion Green's
A Witch Alone.
But the Internet has made the growth of solitary Pagans a much larger phenomenon.
Some aspects of Paganism and the Internet are very excitingâincreased networking, scholarship, and an end to isolation for many. There has also been the development of new ritual formsâin cyberspace. You might think that strange, or even impossible, but one of the cyber rituals I attended was deeply moving, and there
seemed to be
a sense of community that went beyond time and space.
But Andras Corban Arthen of EarthSpirit says he has mixed feelings about the Internet. “A lot of people on the net,” he says, “are not connected with other Pagans except through virtual interactions; that can't help but create more superficiality.” At the very same time that all these people are encountering Paganism on the Internet, he says, there are people involved with the Pagan community that have been around for thirty and forty years. They have raised familiesâthere are third generation Pagans:
So, on the one hand there is a new sense of Pagans becoming multigenerational, and creating serious roots and stability, at the same time that a whole new influx of Pagans are entering the movement through the Internet. So there is a new deepening and a new superficiality at the same time.
Andras's wife, Dierdre Arthen, a priestess of EarthSpirit added:
It is tempting to connect through the Internet, but to never sit down and hold hands, and touch the spirit of anotherâto never see the body language. As people connect to lists, they think that is where they
live,
but they don't really live there. There are so many Pagans who have never been to a gathering; they have never seen a real teacher teach; they have never sat down with an elder in the community to listen to what they have learned in thirty or forty years. There are people coming into the community who have never seen a fifty-year-old or sixty-year-old Witch. And it is sharing that kind of knowledge that will help us deepen as a community.
On Winter Solstice 2005, Selena Fox of Circle put out her wish list for Paganism in the twenty-first century. Here are a few of them:
⢠Paganism growing as a World Religionâincreased awareness by Pagans that they are part of a multifaceted global community; increased awareness of Paganism in the world and in the field of religious studies; increased contact between traditional animists and contemporary Pagans.
⢠Pagan studiesâincreased numbers of courses and departments at institutions of higher learning. More understanding and respect for Pagan world views. Attention to this in health care and counseling situations.
⢠Pagan chaplainsâMore full-time, part-time, and volunteer Pagan chaplains working in hospitals, birthing centers, hospices, the military, prisons, emergency services, and other institutions. An increase in training programs within Paganism that train people for this kind of work.
⢠Pagans in politicsâPagans as elected representatives, Pagans in both major parties in the United States as well as in a variety of political parties in countries around the world; Pagans being able to run for office without their religion being a liability.
⢠Increased numbers of Pagans who are in the world as authors, musicians, scientists, or sports figures, or are in business, industry, and other fields, and the development of business and professional networks for Pagan professionals.
⢠Landed Pagan churches and institutionsâdevelopment of multigenerational Pagan church communities that sustain these land projects; development of libraries, retreat centers, seminaries, and schools, with physical locations.
⢠Pagan green cemeteries
⢠Winter Solsticeâcelebrations grow in prominence as a part of Yuletide celebrations. Solstice is mentioned alongside Christmas, Hanukah, and Kwanza.
And just so we might end with some imaginative thoughts for the future, Selena also puts in:
⢠Paganism in spaceâdevelopment of new Pagan traditions as humankind lives off planet; shift from referring to Paganism as Earth religion to Nature religion in order to be more inclusive; adaptation of Pagan practices to living in space stations, lunar outposts, spaceships, space settlements; increase in the use of sacred sphere casting instead of circle casting; new forms of seasonal and sabbat celebrations developed that work with different lunar and solar cycles.
Thinking back over the last fifteen to twenty-five years, there has been so much change in contemporary Paganism thatâby the end of the centuryâalmost anything is possible!
Epilogue
Guard the Mysteries; constantly reveal them.
âFrom a poem by the late Lew Welsh, now a popular Craft saying
Â
It is primarily the attraction of a
personal
initiation that explains the craze for the occult.
Â
Â
THE EMINENT ARCHEOLOGIST George Mylonas, director of the excavations of Mycenae, involved himself deeply in the final excavations of Eleusis, which was the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries for two thousand years. During that time multitudes of women and men from all over the world of the ancient Greeks participated in the rites of Eleusis and, if we can believe the poets, playwrights, and philosophers, drew great strength from them. Pindar wrote: “Blessed is he who hath seen these things before he goeth beneath the hollow earth; for he understandeth the end of mortal life, and the beginning (of a new life) given of God.”
2
Cicero, Sophocles, and Aristotle likewise extolled the Mysteries. Greek and Roman political figures such as Pericles, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Julian considered their experiences there moving and joyful. And some of the most profound passages in the plays of Aeschylus were considered so close to the essence of the Mysteries that the playwright came under the scrutiny of Athenian law until it was proved that he had never been initiated, and therefore could not have revealed the Mysteries in his works.
Mylonas, being a scholar of the twentieth century, was forced to study merely their remains. He concludes
Eleusis and the Eleusinean Mysteries
with sorrow and longing. He laments:
For years, since my early youth, I have tried to find out what the facts were. Hope against hope was spent against the lack of monumental evidence; the belief that inscriptions would be found on which the Hierophants had recorded their ritual and its meaning has faded completely; the discovery of a subterranean room filled with the archives of the cult, which dominated my being in my days of youth, is proved an unattainable dream since neither subterranean rooms nor archives for the cult exist at Eleusis; the last Hierophant carried with him to the grave the secrets which had been transmitted orally for untold generations, from the one high priest to the next. A thick, unpenetrable veil indeed still covers securely the rites of Demeter and protects them from the curious eyes of modern students. How many nights and days have been spent over books, inscriptions, and works of art by eminent scholars in their effort to lift the veil! How many wild and ingenious theories have been advanced in superhuman effort to explain the Mysteries! How many nights I have spent standing on the steps of the Telesterion, flooded with the magic silver light of a Mediterranean moon, hoping to catch the mood of the initiates, hoping that the human soul might get a glimpse of what the rational mind could not investigate! All in vainâthe ancient world has kept its secret well and the Mysteries of Eleusis remain unrevealed.
3
Eleusis has puzzled scholars for centuries. Much has been discovered about the preparatory and public celebrations, the preliminary processions and purifications, the Demeter-Korê myth cycle, and the nature of certain processions and lesser rites. Karl Kerényi, C. G. Jung, M. F. Nilsson, W. K. C. Guthrie, Mylonas, and other scholars have created a large storehouse of intuitions and speculations. Many scholars would now agree with Kerényi that a profound religious experience must have occurred, repeated year after year, a psychic reality that succeeded again and again.
4
The vision of Mylonas standing, empty in spirit, in the moonlit ruins of Eleusis stayed with me through all my explorations of Neo-Paganism and the Craft. This is not surprising, since the Craft (and a number of other Neo-Pagan religions as well) has always claimed to be a Mystery religion, although exactly what that means is not always clear even to the participants.
At one level, I think, all Mystery traditions involve processes of growth and regeneration, confrontations with birth, death, the source of life, and the relationship of human beings to the cosmos. In connection with these ideas a number of Neo-Pagans and Witches have foresworn the words “Pagan” and “Witch,” saying that they regard their religion as “the revival of the Mystery tradition.” A New York coven writes that rituals are really the reenactment of “cosmic drama,” allowing the participant to enter “into the drama of life itself, of joining with the gods in an achievement of universal advantage, so that growth (which is the true magic) is achieved.”
5