Einstein (136 page)

19
. Einstein to Maurice Solovine, Nov. 25, 1948, AEA 21-256; Einstein to Maurice Solovine, Mar. 28, 1949, AEA 21-260; Einstein to Maurice Solovine, Feb. 12, 1951, AEA 21-277.

20
. Tilman Sauer, “Dimensions of Einstein’s Unified Field Theory Program,” courtesy of the author; Hoffmann 1972, 239; I am grateful for the help of Sauer, who is doing research in Einstein’s late work on field theories.

21
. Whitrow, xii.

22
. Niels Bohr, “Discussion with Einstein,” in Schilpp, 199.

23
. Abraham Pais, in Rozental 1967, 225; Clark, 742.

24
. John Wheeler, “Memoir,” in French, 21; John Wheeler, “Mentor and Sounding Board,” in Brockman, 31; Einstein quoted in Johanna Fantova journal, Nov. 11, 1953. In letters to Besso in 1952, Einstein defended his stubbornness. He insisted that a complete description of nature would describe reality, or a “deterministic real state,” rather than merely describe observations. “The orthodox quantum theoreticians generally refuse to admit the notion of a real state (based on positivist considerations). One thus ends up with a situation that resembles that of the good Bishop Berkeley.” Einstein to Michele Besso, Sept. 10, 1952, AEA 7-412. A month later he noted that quantum theory declared that “laws don’t apply to things, but only to what observation informs us about things ... Now,I can’t accept that.” Einstein to Michele Besso, Oct. 8, 1952, AEA 7-414.

25
. Einstein to Mileva Mari
, Dec. 22, 1946, AEA 75-845.

26
. Fölsing, 731; Highfield and Carter, 253; Brian 1996, 371; Einstein to Karl Zürcher, July 29, 1947.

27
. Einstein to Hans Albert Einstein, Jan. 21, 1948, AEA 75-959.

28
. Einstein to Carl Seelig, Jan. 4, 1954, AEA 39-59; Fölsing, 731.

29
. Sayen, 221; Pais 1982, 475.

30
.
Sarasota Tribune,
Mar. 2, 1949, AEA 30-1097; Bucky, 131. Jeremy Bernstein writes, “Anyone who spent five minutes with Miss Dukas would understand what a lunatic accusation this is.” Bernstein 2001, 109.

31
. Hans Albert Einstein interview, in Whitrow, 22.

32
. “Trouble is brewing between Maja and Paul. They ought to divorce as well. Paul is supposedly having an affair and the marriage is quite in pieces. One shouldn’t wait too long (as I did) ... No mixed marriages are any good (Anna says: oh!).” Einstein to Michele Besso, Dec. 12, 1919. The half-joking reference to Anna was about Anna Winteler Besso, who was Michele Besso’s wife and Paul Winteler’s sister. The Wintelers were not Jewish; Besso and the Einsteins were.

33
. Highfield and Carter, 248.

34
. Einstein to Solovine, Nov. 25, 1948, AEA 21-256; Sayen, 134.

35
. Einstein to Lina Kocherthaler, July 27, 1951, AEA 38-303; Sayen, 231.

36
. “Einstein Repudiates Biography Written by His Ex-Son-in-Law,”
New York Times
, Aug. 5, 1944; Frieda Bucky, “You Have to Ask Forgiveness,”
Jewish Quarterly
(winter 1967–68), AEA 37-513.

37
. “Einstein Extolled by 300 Scientists,”
New York Times
, Mar. 20, 1949; Sayen, 227; Fölsing, 735.

38
. Einstein to Queen Mother Elisabeth of Belgium, Jan. 6, 1951, AEA 32-400; Sayen, 139.

39
. Einstein to Max Born, Apr. 12, 1949, AEA 8-223.

40
. “3,000 Hear Einstein at Seder Service,”
New York Times
, Apr. 18, 1938; Einstein, “Our Debt to Zionism,” in Einstein 1954, 190.

41
. “Einstein Condemns Rule in Palestine,”
New York Times
, Jan. 12, 1946; Sayen, 235–237; Stephen Wise to Einstein, Jan. 14, 1946, AEA 35-258; Einstein to Stephen Wise, Jan. 14, 1946, AEA 35-260.

42
. “Einstein Statement Assails Begin Party,”
New York Times
, Dec. 3, 1948; “Einstein Is Assailed by Menachim Begin,”
New York Times
, Dec. 7, 1948.

43
. Einstein to Hans Muehsam, Jan. 22, 1947, AEA 38-360, and Sept. 24, 1948, AEA 38-379.

44
. Einstein to Lina Kocherthaler, May 4, 1948, AEA 38-302.

45
. Dukas interview, in Sayen, 245; Abba Eban to Einstein, Nov. 17, 1952, AEA 41-84; Einstein to Abba Eban, Nov. 18, 1952, AEA 28-943.

46
. Einstein’s travails with Hebrew University are recounted in Parzen 1974. For his relationship with Brandeis, see Abram Sacher,
Brandeis University
(Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 1995), 22. The one place with which he had a great relationship was Yeshiva University. He was made the honorary chair of the fund-raising drive to build the College of Medicine there in 1952, and the following year allowed the medical college to be named after him. I am grateful to Edward Burns for providing information. See www.yu.edu/libraries/digital_library/einstein/panel10.html.

47
. Einstein to
Maariv
newspaper editor Azriel Carlebach, Nov. 21, 1952, AEA 41-93; Sayen, 247; Nathan and Norden, 574; Einstein to Joseph Scharl, Nov. 24, 1952, AEA 41-107.

48
. Yitzhak Navon, “On Einstein and the Presidency of Israel,” in Holton and Elkana, 295.

CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: RED SCARE

1
. Einstein to Queen Mother Elisabeth of Belgium, Jan. 6, 1951, AEA 32-400.

2
. Einstein to Leopold Infeld, Oct. 28, 1952, AEA 14-173; Einstein to Russian students in Berlin, Apr. 1, 1952, AEA 59-218.

3
. Einstein to T. E. Naiton, Oct. 9, 1952, AEA 60-664.

4
. Einstein to Judge Irving Kaufman, Dec. 23, 1952, AEA 41-547.

5
. Newark FBI Field Office to J. Edgar Hoover, Apr. 22, 1953, in Einstein FBI files, box 7.

6
. Einstein to Harry Truman, with fifteen lines of equations on the other side, Jan. 11, 1953, AEA 41-551.

7
.
New York Times
, Jan. 13, 1953.

8
. Marian Rawles to Einstein, Jan. 14, 1953, AEA 41-629; Charles Williams to Einstein, Jan. 17, 1953, AEA 41-651; Homer Greene to Einstein, Jan. 15, 1953, AEA 41-588; Joseph Heidt to Einstein, Jan. 13, 1953, AEA 41-589.

9
. Einstein to William Douglas, June 23, 1953, AEA 41-576; William Douglas to Einstein, June 30, 1953, AEA 41-577.

10
. Generosa Pope Jr. to Einstein, Jan. 15, 1953, AEA 41-625; Daniel James to Einstein, Jan. 14, 1953, AEA 41-614.

11
. Einstein to Daniel James, Jan. 15, 1953, AEA 60-696;
New York Times
, Jan. 22, 1953.

12
. Einstein, Acceptance of the Lord & Taylor Award, May 4, 1953, AEA 28-979. In a letter to Dick Kluger, then a student editor of
The Daily Princetonian,
he wrote: “As long as a person has not violated the ‘social contract’ nobody has the right to inquire about his or her convictions. If this principal is not followed free intellectual development is not possible.” Einstein to Dick Kluger, Sept. 17, 1953, in Kluger’s possession.

13
. Einstein to William Frauenglass, May 16, 1953, AEA 41-112; “Refuse to Testify Einstein Advises,”
New York Times
, June 12, 1953;
Time
, June 22, 1953.

14
. All of these editorials ran on June 13, 1953, except the Chicago editorial, which ran on June 15.

15
. Sam Epkin to Einstein, June 15, 1953, AEA 41-409; Victor Lasky to Einstein, June 1953, AEA 41-441; George Stringfellow to Einstein, June 15, 1953, AEA 41-470.

16
.
New York Times
, June 14, 1953.

17
. Bertrand Russell to
New York Times
, June 26, 1953; Einstein to Bertrand Russell, June 28, 1953, AEA 33-195.

18
. Abraham Flexner to Einstein, June 12, 1953, AEA 41-174; Shepherd Baum to Einstein, June 17, 1953, AEA 41-202.

19
. Richard Frauenglass to Einstein, June 20, 1953, AEA 41-181.

20
. Sarah Shadowitz, “Albert Shadowitz,”
Globe and Mail
(Toronto), May 26, 2004. The author is the subject’s daughter.

21
. Sayen, 273–276; Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Government Operations, “Testimony of Albert Shadowitz,” Dec. 14, 1953, and “Report on the Proceedings against Albert Shadowitz for Contempt of the Senate,” July 16, 1954; Albert Shadowitz to Einstein, Dec. 14, 1953, AEA 41-659; Einstein to Albert Shadowitz, Dec. 15, 1953, AEA 41-660. Shadowitz was cleared in July 1955, two years after his testimony, after the fall of McCarthy.

22
. Jerome and Taylor, 120–121.

23
. Bird and Sherwin, 133, 495.

24
. Ibid., 495.

25
. James Reston, “Dr. Oppenheimer Suspended by A.E.C. in Security Review,”
New York Times
, Apr. 13, 1954. On Sunday, Apr. 11, Joseph and Stewart Alsop, in their
New York Herald Tribune
column, had speculated that “leading physicists” were now a target of security investigations, but they did not mention Oppenheimer by name.

26
. Pais 1982, 11; Bird and Sherwin, 502–504.

27
. Johanna Fantova’s journal, June 3, 16, 17, 1954, in Calaprice, 359.

28
. Einstein to Herbert Lehman, May 19, 1954, AEA 6-236.

29
. Johanna Fantova’s journal, June 17, 1954, in Calaprice, 359.

30
. Einstein to Norman Thomas, Mar. 10, 1954, AEA 61-549; Einstein to W. Stern, Jan. 14, 1954, AEA 61-470. See also Einstein to Felix Arnold, Mar. 19,1954,AEA 59-118:“The current investigations are an incomparably greater danger to our society than those few communists in the country could ever be.”

31
. Johanna Fantova journal, Mar. 4, 1954, in Calaprice, 356; Einstein to Queen Mother Elisabeth of Belgium, Mar. 28, 1954, AEA 32-410.

32
. Theodore White, “U.S. Science,”
The Reporter
, Nov. 11, 1954. White went on to write
The Making of the President
series of books.

CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: THE END

1
. Johanna Fantova journal, Mar. 19, 1954, in Calaprice, 356.

2
. Einstein eulogy for Rudolf Ladenberg, Apr. 1, 1952, AEA 5-160.

3
. Einstein to Jakob Ehrat, May 12, 1952, AEA 59-554; Einstein to Ernesta Marangoni, Oct. 1, 1952, AEA 60-406; Einstein to Queen Mother Elisabeth of Belgium, Jan. 12, 1953, AEA 32-405.

4
. Einstein interview with Lili Foldes,
The Etude
, Jan. 1947; Calaprice, 150. Information about his repeated playing of this record was given to me by someone who knew Einstein in his later years.

5
. Einstein to Hans Muehsam, Mar. 30, 1954, AEA 38-434.

6
. Einstein to Conrad Habicht and Maurice Solovine, Apr. 3, 1953, AEA 21-294; Einstein to Maurice Solovine, Feb. 27, 1955, AEA 21-306.

7
. Sayen, 294.

8
. Einstein to Hans Albert Einstein, May 1, 1954, AEA 75-918.

9
. Einstein to Hans Albert Einstein, unfinished letter, Dec. 28, 1954, courtesy of Bob Cohn, purchased at Christie’s sale, Einstein Family Correspondence.

10
. Gertrude Samuels, “Einstein, at 75, Is Still a Rebel,”
New York Times Magazine
, Mar. 14, 1954.

11
. Johanna Fantova journal, 1954, in Calaprice, 354–363.

12
. Wolfgang Pauli to Max Born, Mar. 3, 1954, in Born 2005, 213.

13
. Einstein to Michele Besso, Aug. 10, 1954, AEA 7-420.