Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China (82 page)

Simpson, William 101

Sino-French War, 1884–5 133–9, 138
n
, 182, 191

Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 160, 166, 181–96, 216, 222, 233, 242, 243, 264, 271, 289, 307
see also
Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 1895

Skettett, Miss 32

smallpox 36, 106, 107, 108

Smith, Rev. Arthur H. 260, 267, 271

Song Qingling 327

St Louis Exposition, 1904 317, 321

Stalin, Joseph 373

Statutes, the 163–4, 188

Su, Prince 357–8

Sugiyama Akira 266

Summer Palace (
Yi-he-Yuan
) (the Gardens of Nurturing Harmony), Beijing: Cixi’s building of 159–63, 202, 206, 207, 209, 212–13, 242, 278;
Qing-yi-yuan
(the Garden of Clear Ripples), Cixi’s rebuilding of 159, 160; Kunming Lake 159, 161, 162, 211, 359; Villa of the Jade Balustrade 211, 246; Cixi moves into, 1891 164, 183; as source of endless pleasure to Cixi 173; mosquitoes in 174; Cixi’s birds and animals in 174–5; Cixi watches religious festivals from 177; theatre in 178; Cixi cut off from government in 187; Prince Gong in 206; Grand Council in 207; Earl Li in 209; Moon Festival, 1896 211; Wild Fox Kang and 224, 229, 233, 237, 238, 240, 242; Boxers and 292; Cixi’s travel between city and 350; Forever Peace (
Yong-he
) 359–60

Sumner, Charles 77

Sun Jiagu 77

Sun Jianai 155, 226

Sun Yat-sen 289, 327, 347, 350, 356, 370
n

Sushun 48, 49, 99

Suzhou 60, 84, 139

Swinhoe, Robert 31

Ta Kung Pao
(newspaper) 327, 329, 340

Taiping Rebellion, 1850–64 13, 14, 16, 19, 27, 58–9, 60, 61, 62, 63, 69, 130, 131

Taiwan 122, 123, 125, 133, 137, 138, 181, 199, 205, 216

Takano Bunjiro 334

Tan Sitong 232–3, 238, 240

Tan Xinpei 178, 334

Tangshan 123

Taoism 68, 94, 176, 177

Temple of Heaven 250–1, 254, 269, 361

Thomson, John 36

Tiananmen Gate 52, 102

Tianjin (Tientsin): Opium Wars and 27, 29; navy and 69; Viceroy of Zhili base in 82, 118, 181, 329; anti-Christian riots in, 1870 91–6, 129, 131, 260; Sino-French war treaty signed, 1885 in 136, 138; Cixi takes train to inspect army in 223; Junglu’s headquarters in 232, 233; newspapers in 234, 235, 340; Boxers and 266, 269, 271, 272, 293, 299, 301, 305, 308; Wild Fox Kang in 351; Emperor Puyi in 372

Tibet 31, 68, 342, 363–5, 370

Tiejun 351–2

Times, The
240

Ting, Admiral 188, 189, 194–5, 197, 206

Tong King-sing 123

Tongwen College, the School of Combined Learning 71–2, 73, 76

Tongzhi, Emperor (Zaichun) (Cixi’s son): birth 17–18, 19; childhood 33, 34, 40, 56; accession to throne 41; seals 42, 43, 47; coup and 45–6; coronation 51–2; name 51, 51
n
; education 71, 97–8, 147; wedding 84, 86, 99, 100–2; Cixi’s breakdown and 87; sex life 98–9, 101–2, 104, 106; love of opera 98, 105; selection of consorts 99; receives Western legations 102–3; appearance 103; bureaucracy and 103–4; plan to rebuild Old Summer Palace 104–6, 159; general lifestyle criticised 104–5; death 106–10, 113, 145; Cixi accused of having hand in death of 107, 242; mourning for 108–9; mausoleum 109, 110; succession 113–16

Townley, Lady Susan 312–13

Trans-Siberian Railway 207

Treaty Ports 24, 25, 95, 117, 124, 235, 242, 257, 328, 331

Tsinghua University 299

Uchida Kōsai 324, 354

Vatican 176

Verbiest, Ferdinand 21

Victoria, Queen 22, 23, 32, 39, 74, 75, 77, 131, 215, 225, 235, 269, 270, 314, 339

Vietnam 130, 133–4, 136–7, 139, 182

Vos, Hubert 332, 333
n

Wade, Thomas 59, 59
n
, 62, 65, 122, 123, 125

Waldersee, Field Marshal Count von 294, 295, 296, 297

Wang Lun 62

Wang Qingqi 98–9, 107

Wang Wenshao 198

Wang Yaoqing 179

Wang Zhao, Clerk 228, 232, 358–9, 359
n

Ward, Frederick Townsend 59, 60

Warren, Acting Consul-General Peiham L. 285, 288

Washington, George 72, 76, 81

Weijun, Censor 195, 216

Weihaiwei 197, 216

Wellesley College, Massachusetts 327

Wen Tingshi 195

Weng, Grand Tutor (Weng Tonghe): on Prince Chun’s writing 46; Sushun and 49; as hater of the West 72, 76, 77, 93, 103; Little An execution and 84, 85; Tianjin riots, 1870 and 93; tutoring of Emperor Tongzhi 97, 98; choice of burial spot for Emperor Tongzhi 109; ally of Prince Chun 115; Cixi attempts to gain loyalty of 116, 118; tutor of Emperor Guangxu 116, 146–7, 148, 149, 150; Guo Songtao and 119; Sino-French War, 1884–5 and 134, 138; on Prince Gong 134, 135; admiration for Cixi’s mourning for Empress Zhen 146; accession of Emperor Guangxu and 151, 152; on temper of Emperor Guangxu 152; on wedding of Emperor Guangxu 153; on reaction of Cixi to news of Emperor Guangxu’s poor health 154; becomes receptive to some Western practices 155–6; opposes railway-building 156, 164, 210; allows reforms to lapse during reign of Emperor Guangxu 156, 157, 158; on Old Summer Palace restoration 162; lack of investment in navy and 182, 183–4; Sino-Japanese war, 1894–5 and 185, 186, 188, 190, 194, 198; Cixi’s sixtieth birthday celebrations and 189; Cixi impedes communication between Emperor Guangxu and 196; made a Grand Councillor 196; records lack of respect of foreign envoys after war with Japanese 205; on Cixi’s praise for grandees in light of Russo–Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 211; Cixi’s attempt to raise revenue for restoration of Old Summer Palace and 212; German attempt to grab Qingdao and 213, 214; appointed to Chinese Foreign Office 214; Russian seizure of Port Arthur, role in 215, 216; visit to China of Prince Heinrich of Germany and 219–20; ‘Announcement of the Fundamental Policy of the State’ and 220–1; Emperor Guangxu dismisses 221–2, 226, 236

Wild Fox Kang (Kang Youwei) 223–31, 357, 358, 360, 362; background and character 223–4; ‘The History of Me’ 244; gains influence at court of Emperor Guangxu 224–31; Cixi impressed by 224, 226; ‘Advisory Board’ to throne, recommends kind of 225–6, 229–30; ‘On the Destruction of Poland’ 227; Cixi attempts to curb influence of 230; wish to be Emperor 230; Confucius and 230–1; plot to kill Cixi and 232–43, 242, 244, 246, 251; flees Beijing 240; public accusations against Cixi 241, 242–3; attempts to persuade foreign governments to use military force to overthrow Cixi 245, 250; raises army and occupies cities with arms supplied from Japan 288, 289; fails to persuade Britain to back his project 288–9; uses photographs of Cixi to undermine her 334–5; organises attempts on Cixi’s life 349–53; Japanese agents at Chinese court and 356

Wilhelm II, Kaiser 120, 200, 213, 219, 220, 277, 294, 296, 297, 354, 355, 355
n

Wiltshire Regiment 32

With the Empress Dowager
(Carl) 321

Witte, Count 215, 353

Wolseley, Lieutenant Colonel G. J. 28–9, 31, 33

Women Can Be Patriots
(play) 326

Women’s Daily
(journal) 327

Woo Yong, County Chief 281, 282–3, 290, 308–9, 320

Woren 71–2

World Expo, Philadelphia, 1876 122–3

Wu Kedu 34
n

Wu Tingfang 24, 259, 336

Wu Yue 341

Wu Zetian 50, 179–80

Wuhan 127, 164, 210, 235, 288, 309, 370

Wuhu 14

Wusong 125

Wutai 160

Xianfeng, Emperor: accession to throne 8; selection of consorts for 8–11; sex life 12–13; Taiping rebellion and 13, 59; Cixi offers advice to 14–15; artistic nature 16; love of opera 16, 18, 33, 39–40; birth of son and 16; loathing of Westerners 25, 26–7, 55; as successor to throne 25–6; Opium Wars and 27–8, 29–30, 33–4, 35, 36, 37; flees Beijing during Second Opium War 33–4, 36, 39–40, 43–4; treaties signed with Britain and France after Second Opium War and 37, 38–9; death 39–40, 41, 47, 49; will 40, 42, 48; gives seals to son and Empress Zhen 42, 43, 43
n
, 46, 47; Peking Opera and 177; great-nephew nominated as Emperor Guangxu’s heir-apparent 254

Xinjiang 130–3, 132
n
, 207, 243, 245, 284, 371

Xu Jingcheng 277, 290

Xu Xilin 347

Xu Zhijing, Learning Companion 221, 224, 225, 229, 244–5

Xue, Dr 132–3

Xunling 332, 333, 333
n

Yang Ki-Tak 354

Yang Rui 230, 241

Yang Shenxiu, Censor 221, 224, 233, 240

Yangtze River 14, 58, 63, 122, 127

Yangtze Valley 31, 126, 326

Yano Fumio 236

Yao, Emperor 73, 147

Ye, Viceroy 27

Yee, Prince 49

Yellow River 73
n
, 210, 234, 236, 309

Younghusband, Major Francis 363

Yu Keng 322, 323

Yu, Emperor 73

Yuan Shikai, General 11, 51
n
, 232–3, 233, 237, 238, 242, 249–50, 262, 299, 308, 329, 337, 347, 351, 352, 356–7, 357
n
, 360, 372

Yuan, Lady 167

Yuan Chang 276–7

Yung Wing 258–9

Yuxian, Governor 261–2, 274, 275

Zaifeng, Regent 116, 357, 366, 367, 368, 370

Zaize, Duke 340, 341

Zeng Guofan, Marquis 50, 62, 92, 93, 94, 95, 103, 119, 130, 290

Zeng Jr, Marquis 119, 132, 133, 149

Zhang Zhidong, Viceroy: Cixi’s identification of talent and 57; proposes railway projects 126–7, 235; recommends keeping Lang Son and other Vietnamese territory 138; Sino-Japanese war, 1894–5 and 198, 199; opposes Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 204, 207, 213; presents proposal for restarting modernisation 210, 213; Wild Fox Kang and 235, 288, 289, 349, 360; Boxers and 269, 275, 276, 277–8, 284–5; relationship with Cixi 286–7; Poems of Gratitude 287; title conferred 299; on modernisation of China 301; Yu Keng and 322; Grand Council and 347, 357; death of 370
n

Zhao Erfeng 365

Zhejiang province 256

Zhen, Empress (Ci’an) 101, 102; becomes Empress 12, 100; enters harem 12; appearance 12; defends Cixi from Emperor Xianfeng’s anger 15; lifelong friendship with Cixi 15; rank 18; Zaichun and 19; shares ‘Dowager Empress’ title with Cixi 41–2; seals 42, 43; Cixi’s coup and 42, 44, 45, 47, 50; co-rule with Cixi as Two Dowager Empresses 50–1, 55, 56, 57, 94; willingly plays second fiddle to Cixi 56; death 56, 145–6, 242; Cixi accused of poisoning 242; Little An execution and 85; Emperor Tongzhi and 97–8, 99, 105, 106, 145; retires into harem after wedding of Emperor Tongzhi 102; role after death of Emperor Tongzhi 113, 115, 119

Zheng, Prince 49, 99

Zhennan Pass 138

Zhigang 77, 79, 80–2

Zhili province 82, 92, 95, 209, 262, 263, 276, 308, 329

Zhirui 188, 194–5, 196

Zhou Fu 283

Zou Rong 328–9

Zuo Zongtang, General 130–1

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