Eureka - The Unfinished Revolution

PETER FITZSIMONS

EUREKA

THE UNFINISHED REVOLUTION

A William Heinemann book

Published by Random House Australia Pty Ltd

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www.randomhouse.com.au

First published by William Heinemann in 2012

Copyright © Peter FitzSimons 2012

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National Library of Australia

Cataloguing-in-Publication Entry

FitzSimons, Peter.

Eureka: the unfinished revolution/Peter FitzSimons.

ISBN 978 1 74275 525 0 (hbk.)

Eureka Stockade (Ballarat, Vic.)

Gold miners – Victoria – Ballarat – History.

Riots – Victoria – Ballarat – History.

Ballarat (Vic.) – History – 1851-1901.

994. 57031

Jacket design by Adam Yazxhi/MAXCO

Front jacket: Eureka flag photo by Kate Morris; ‘Swearing Allegiance to the “Southern Cross”’ by Charles Doudiet, courtesy Art Gallery Ballarat. Back jacket: ‘Eureka Slaughter, 3rd December 1854’ by Charles Doudiet, courtesy Art Gallery Ballarat Internal maps by Jane Macaulay

Internal design and typesetting by Xou Creative, Australia

Printed in Australia by Griffin Press, an accredited ISO AS/NZS 14001: 2004 Environmental Management System printer

Random House Australia uses papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.

To Raffaello Carboni, Mrs Ellen Clacy, William Craig, Samuel Huyghue, Samuel Lazarus and William Bramwell Withers, whose contemporary – and, in the case of Withers, near-contemporary – accounts I have most enjoyed and relied upon in the formation of this book. And to all those diggers who fought so valiantly . . .

‘By and by there was a result, and I think it may be called the finest thing in Australasian history. It was a revolution – small in size; but great politically; it was a strike for liberty, a struggle for principle, a stand against injustice and oppression . . . It is another instance of a victory won by a lost battle. It adds an honourable page to history; the people know it and are proud of it. They keep green the memory of the men who fell at the Eureka Stockade, and Peter has his monument.’

Mark Twain after visiting the Victorian goldfields in 1895

‘Eureka was more than an incident or passing phase. It was greater in significance than the short-lived revolt against tyrannical authority would suggest. The permanency of Eureka in its impact on our development was that it was the first real affirmation of our determination to be masters of our own political destiny.’

Ben Chifley, Labor Prime Minister

‘The revolt at Eureka is the one picturesque bloodstain on the white pages of Australian history. British officials referred to it as “a trifling affair” but the little fight was big with results, for it helped to shatter official tyranny and to establish democratic rule in Australia.’

The Lone Hand,
January 1912

Contents

MAPS

BACKGROUND AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AUTHOR’S NOTE

PROLOGUE

CHAPTER ONE:
FROM GOLDEN FLEECE TO GOLD ITSELF

CHAPTER TWO:
VICTORIA

CHAPTER THREE:
THE GOLDEN GLOBE

CHAPTER FOUR:
EXODUS

CHAPTER FIVE:
TO THE DIGGINGS

CHAPTER SIX:
TROUBLE BREWS

CHAPTER SEVEN:
ENTER HOTHAM

CHAPTER EIGHT:
FIRE’S BURNING, FIRE’S BURNING, DRAW NEARER

CHAPTER NINE:
ALL RISE

CHAPTER TEN:
READING THE RIOT ACT

CHAPTER ELEVEN:
WE SWEAR BY
THE SOUTHERN CROSS . . .’

CHAPTER TWELVE: ‘
AUXARMES, CITOYENS!’

CHAPTER THIRTEEN:
THE QUEEN’S PEACE
IS DISTURBED

CHAPTER FOURTEEN:
AFTER THE TEMPEST

CHAPTER FIFTEEN:
TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS

EPILOGUE

BACKGROUND AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Like most Australians, the saga of the Eureka Stockade is in the very marrow of my bones. As a primary school kid in the late 1960s, I recall both the fun of participating in a mock Eureka Stockade re-enactment at the Mangrove Mountain Community Fair, and being pleased that I got to dress up as a good rebel and not in the red coat of a bad British soldier. We learnt about the subject briefly at Peats Ridge Public, and it was almost as much fun a legend from Australia’s past as the bushrangers – not that I was particularly interested in the Eureka saga academically.

Nevertheless, in Mr Rex Ward’s history class at high school in Sydney in the mid-70s, that changed. On one particular sleepy afternoon I was doing what I usually did in history class – multiplying the number of bricks on the wall from top to bottom, by the number of bricks from left to right – when Mr Ward started his lesson on the Eureka Stockade. Remembering Mangrove Mountain and the excitement of it all, my ears pricked up and, for the first time in months, I not only sat up straight but went further. Out of pure bloody-mindedness I began to
listen,
and it was right there and then that my love of Australian history began – my enthrallment with that particular story sparked a wider, burning passion. The action! The characters! The fact – and this was perhaps the key – that this was a real
Australian
story!

The leap forward to this book, however, was only relatively recent. A couple years ago, at a meeting of the directors of Ausflag in the Sydney suburb of Crows Nest, we were sifting through many worthy submissions from our fellow citizens of what a modern Australian flag should look like when the thought struck me: what a pity we Australians don’t have our own version of the Americans’ legendary Betsy Ross story, that country’s purported maker of the first ‘Stars and Stripes’ flag during the Revolutionary War.

While the designs we were seeing were mostly admirable, I had my doubts as to whether the Australian people as a whole would ever choose a flag designed last Tuesday ahead of one designed at the beginning of the last century, one that had been fluttering ever since.

And that, of course, led me to thinking about the Eureka story as the possible subject for a book. Look, I certainly didn’t think that the flag of the Southern Cross would ever be embraced as the answer – in the 21st century it is too associated with either right-wing racist rednecks who brandish it as a symbol of white Australia or hard left-wing members of the union movement who, far more admirably, wave it for workers’ rights. But, against that, Eureka was certainly a saga that encompassed our oldest and best-known flag after the national flag, and so it might be worth exploring anyway. All this happened in roughly the same time frame that my friend and researcher Henry Barrkman started suggesting that Eureka would be a good subject for me, and a producer from SBS Radio in Melbourne, Yvonne Davis, wrote to me, pointing out that the multicultural aspects of the saga had never been truly explored. (Multicultural aspects? What multicultural aspects? I wasn’t really aware that there were any?) And then, the breakthrough . . . Out of the blue, two brothers, Peter and Ron Craig, wrote to me saying they were the great-grandsons of William Craig, who had not only come out on the ship from Ireland with the hero of the piece, Peter Lalor, but also penned a long-forgotten book about Lalor and his experience in the Eureka Stockade. Given that I was interested in writing books on Australian history, they wondered if I would like to read their great-grandfather’s original manuscript?

I would, and I did. We wined, we dined, we talked. I was hooked, and soon afterwards I began.

Rarely have I been so enthused while working on a book. Yes, I have been equally passionate about other stories, just as stories, but with this one I felt I was getting to uncover the very foundation stones of what it is to be an Australian – from multiculturalism to mateship, from our broad distrust of the elites who would seek to rule over us, to our wide embrace of egalitarianism and insistence on a ‘fair go, mate’, to the very use of the word ‘mate’! In the diggers’ willingness to roll up their sleeves and just get on with it, whatever the appalling conditions, and their propensity to pull together to overcome hardships, I recognised much of the spirit that the country was built on. In their refusal to cower before power – most particularly their loud insistence to the government of ‘no taxation without representation’ – and backing that up with their willingness to fight for their rights, even against overwhelming odds, I found fascinating parallels with the Boston Tea Party that I had never before appreciated.