Exit the Colonel (58 page)
Authors: Ethan Chorin
38
Kevin Peraino, “The Martyr Factory: Why One Libyan Town Became a Pipeline for Suicide Bombers in Iraq,”
Newsweek
, April 20, 2008.
Kevin Peraino, “The Martyr Factory: Why One Libyan Town Became a Pipeline for Suicide Bombers in Iraq,”
Newsweek
, April 20, 2008.
40
Abdelhakim Belhaj, “Du Djihad à la Revolution,”
Jeune Afrique
, no. 2643, September â10, 2011, p. 26.
Abdelhakim Belhaj, “Du Djihad à la Revolution,”
Jeune Afrique
, no. 2643, September â10, 2011, p. 26.
41
“al-Kutub allatÄ« Manaḥaha al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« Talqi rawÄǧan fÄ« ManÄá¹iq al-MuÊ¿Äraá¸ah al-LÄ«bÄ«yyah,” al-ḤayÄh, May 19, 2011; “Neglected Libyan city battles al-QÄÊ¿ idah,” Reuters, May 12, 2011.
“al-Kutub allatÄ« Manaḥaha al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« Talqi rawÄǧan fÄ« ManÄá¹iq al-MuÊ¿Äraá¸ah al-LÄ«bÄ«yyah,” al-ḤayÄh, May 19, 2011; “Neglected Libyan city battles al-QÄÊ¿ idah,” Reuters, May 12, 2011.
44
Muḥammad Muḥammad al-Muftī,
SahÄrÄ« Dirnah
, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: DÄr al-Kutub al-Waá¹aniyyah, 2007, p. 152.
CHAPTER 9Muḥammad Muḥammad al-Muftī,
SahÄrÄ« Dirnah
, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: DÄr al-Kutub al-Waá¹aniyyah, 2007, p. 152.
1
(Part III opening page) Lisa Anderson, “Qadhafi's Legacy: An Evaluation of a Political Experiement,” in
Qaddafi's Libya, 1969-1994
, Dirk Vandewalle, ed. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1995), pp. 223-237.
(Part III opening page) Lisa Anderson, “Qadhafi's Legacy: An Evaluation of a Political Experiement,” in
Qaddafi's Libya, 1969-1994
, Dirk Vandewalle, ed. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1995), pp. 223-237.
4
Heinz Duthel, Duthel Intelligence Report, 2011 Libyan Civil War, Timeline for the 2011 Libyan Civil War, self-published.
Heinz Duthel, Duthel Intelligence Report, 2011 Libyan Civil War, Timeline for the 2011 Libyan Civil War, self-published.
5
James Dorsey, “Wikileaks Disclosures about Gaddafi Spark Cancellation of Libyan Soccer Matches,” Bleacher Report, February 1, 2011.
James Dorsey, “Wikileaks Disclosures about Gaddafi Spark Cancellation of Libyan Soccer Matches,” Bleacher Report, February 1, 2011.
6
Colin Freeman, “How Britian Courted, Armed and Trained a Libyan Monster,” Tripoli, September 25, 2011.
Colin Freeman, “How Britian Courted, Armed and Trained a Libyan Monster,” Tripoli, September 25, 2011.
7
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
8
Fatḥī BaǧaÊ¿, “LÄ«bÄ«yÄ Ê¾ilÄ Ê¾Ayn? al-MaqÄlah allatÄ« KaÅ¡Å¡afat Wahm al-Iá¹£lÄḥ,”
MiyÄdÄ«n
, May 22, 2011.
Fatḥī BaǧaÊ¿, “LÄ«bÄ«yÄ Ê¾ilÄ Ê¾Ayn? al-MaqÄlah allatÄ« KaÅ¡Å¡afat Wahm al-Iá¹£lÄḥ,”
MiyÄdÄ«n
, May 22, 2011.
9
Ibid.
Ibid.
10
Ibid.
Ibid.
12
Chorin interview with Mohammed Bin Lamin, December 2011.
Chorin interview with Mohammed Bin Lamin, December 2011.
13
Laura RodrÃguez Rojas, “Pintor libio sufrió ocho meses de tortura,”
Nacionales
, September 17, 2011.
Laura RodrÃguez Rojas, “Pintor libio sufrió ocho meses de tortura,”
Nacionales
, September 17, 2011.
15
Ibid.
Ibid.
16
Chorin interview with Ibrahim Sahad, January 26, 2012.
Chorin interview with Ibrahim Sahad, January 26, 2012.
17
Ibid.
Ibid.
18
Chorin interview with Rida Husni Bey, November 2011.
Chorin interview with Rida Husni Bey, November 2011.
19
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
20
Alanoud Al Sharekh, “Reform and Rebirth in the Middle East, in Survival,” The International Institute for Strategic Studies, April-May, 2011, p. 56.
Alanoud Al Sharekh, “Reform and Rebirth in the Middle East, in Survival,” The International Institute for Strategic Studies, April-May, 2011, p. 56.
21
Ibid., p. 53.
Ibid., p. 53.
23
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
24
Duthel, Duthel Intelligence Report, p. 13.
Duthel, Duthel Intelligence Report, p. 13.
25
See
http://feb17.info/news/saadi-gaddafi-addrssed-the-people-on-a-benghazi-radio-station/Febraury17th
.
See
http://feb17.info/news/saadi-gaddafi-addrssed-the-people-on-a-benghazi-radio-station/Febraury17th
.
26
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
27
Chorin intervie , source requested anonymity.
Chorin intervie , source requested anonymity.
28
Ê¿Abd as-SalÄm MismÄrÄ«, “DÅ«runÄ á¸¤imÄyat aṯ-á¹®awrah wa IstimrÄr Ahdafaha,”
Berenīq
, May 23, 2011, p. 3.
Ê¿Abd as-SalÄm MismÄrÄ«, “DÅ«runÄ á¸¤imÄyat aṯ-á¹®awrah wa IstimrÄr Ahdafaha,”
Berenīq
, May 23, 2011, p. 3.
29
AsmÄʾ Faraǧ al FitÅ«rÄ«, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: as-SafÄ«r Press/al-WikÄlah al-LÄ«biyya li-t- TarqÄ«m ad-DawalÄ« al-Muwaḥḥad li-l-KitÄb,
BinÄ¡ÄzÄ« min 1911 ʾilÄ 2011
, 2011, p. 126.
AsmÄʾ Faraǧ al FitÅ«rÄ«, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: as-SafÄ«r Press/al-WikÄlah al-LÄ«biyya li-t- TarqÄ«m ad-DawalÄ« al-Muwaḥḥad li-l-KitÄb,
BinÄ¡ÄzÄ« min 1911 ʾilÄ 2011
, 2011, p. 126.
30
Ibid.
Ibid.
31
Fatḥī BaǧaÊ¿, “LÄ«bÄ«yÄ Ê¾ilÄ Ê¾Ayn? al-MaqÄlah allatÄ« KaÅ¡Å¡afat Wahm al-Iá¹£lÄḥ,”
MiyÄdÄ«n
, May 22, 2011.
Fatḥī BaǧaÊ¿, “LÄ«bÄ«yÄ Ê¾ilÄ Ê¾Ayn? al-MaqÄlah allatÄ« KaÅ¡Å¡afat Wahm al-Iá¹£lÄḥ,”
MiyÄdÄ«n
, May 22, 2011.
32
AsmÄʾ Faraǧ al FitÅ«rÄ«, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: as-SafÄ«r Press/al-WikÄlah al-LÄ«biyya li-t- TarqÄ«m ad-DawalÄ« al-Muwaḥḥad li-l-KitÄb,
BinÄ¡ÄzÄ« min 1911 ʾilÄ 2011
, 2011, p. 126.
AsmÄʾ Faraǧ al FitÅ«rÄ«, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: as-SafÄ«r Press/al-WikÄlah al-LÄ«biyya li-t- TarqÄ«m ad-DawalÄ« al-Muwaḥḥad li-l-KitÄb,
BinÄ¡ÄzÄ« min 1911 ʾilÄ 2011
, 2011, p. 126.
33
Ibid., p. 127.
Ibid., p. 127.
34
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
35
Mehdi Ziu, “We Win or We Die,” documentary video posted to Feb17.info, December 29, 2011; see
http://feb17.info/news/video-we-win-or-we-die-documentary-about-the-hero-mahdi-ziu
.
Mehdi Ziu, “We Win or We Die,” documentary video posted to Feb17.info, December 29, 2011; see
http://feb17.info/news/video-we-win-or-we-die-documentary-about-the-hero-mahdi-ziu
.
36
Ê¿Abd as-SalÄm MismÄrÄ«, “Munassiq IʾtilÄf 17 FabrÄyÄ«r, DÅ«runÄ á¸¤imÄyat aṯ-á¹®awrah wa IstimrÄr Ahdafaha,”
Berenīq
, May 23, 2011.
Ê¿Abd as-SalÄm MismÄrÄ«, “Munassiq IʾtilÄf 17 FabrÄyÄ«r, DÅ«runÄ á¸¤imÄyat aṯ-á¹®awrah wa IstimrÄr Ahdafaha,”
Berenīq
, May 23, 2011.
37
Ibid., p. 3.
Ibid., p. 3.
39
See
http://feb17info/news/eye-witness-describes-libyan-crackdown-on-protesters-in-benghazi
; Armed Men Kidnap Wounded Protesters from Hosptial in Benghazi, Posted Feb 18, Feb17Info.
See
http://feb17info/news/eye-witness-describes-libyan-crackdown-on-protesters-in-benghazi
; Armed Men Kidnap Wounded Protesters from Hosptial in Benghazi, Posted Feb 18, Feb17Info.
40
Ê¿Abd as-SalÄm MismÄrÄ«, “DÅ«runÄ á¸¤imÄyat aṯ-á¹®awrah wa IstimrÄr Ahdafaha,”
Berenīq
, May 23, 2011, p. 3.
Ê¿Abd as-SalÄm MismÄrÄ«, “DÅ«runÄ á¸¤imÄyat aṯ-á¹®awrah wa IstimrÄr Ahdafaha,”
Berenīq
, May 23, 2011, p. 3.
41
Ibid.
Ibid.
42
AsmÄʾ Faraǧ al-FitÅ«rÄ«, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: as-SafÄ«r Press/al-WikÄlah al-LÄ«biyya li-t- TarqÄ«m ad-DawalÄ« al-Muwaḥḥad li-l-KitÄb,
BinÄ¡ÄzÄ« min 1911 ʾilÄ 2011, 2011
, p.128,
AsmÄʾ Faraǧ al-FitÅ«rÄ«, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: as-SafÄ«r Press/al-WikÄlah al-LÄ«biyya li-t- TarqÄ«m ad-DawalÄ« al-Muwaḥḥad li-l-KitÄb,
BinÄ¡ÄzÄ« min 1911 ʾilÄ 2011, 2011
, p.128,
43
Ibid., p. 127.
Ibid., p. 127.
44
Duthel, Duthel Intelligence Report, p. 14.
Duthel, Duthel Intelligence Report, p. 14.
45
Ibid., p. 15,
Ibid., p. 15,
46
AsmÄʾ Faraǧ al-FitÅ«rÄ«, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: as-SafÄ«r Press/al-WikÄlah al-LÄ«biyya li-t- TarqÄ«m ad-DawalÄ« al-Muwaḥḥad li-l-KitÄb,
BinÄ¡ÄzÄ« min 1911 ʾilÄ 2011
, 2011, p.128.
AsmÄʾ Faraǧ al-FitÅ«rÄ«, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: as-SafÄ«r Press/al-WikÄlah al-LÄ«biyya li-t- TarqÄ«m ad-DawalÄ« al-Muwaḥḥad li-l-KitÄb,
BinÄ¡ÄzÄ« min 1911 ʾilÄ 2011
, 2011, p.128.
47
Chorin interview with Dr. Abdelnasser Saadi, May 29, 2012.
Chorin interview with Dr. Abdelnasser Saadi, May 29, 2012.
48
See
http://www.tripolitimes.com/archives/96
, from behind the walls of the battalion of Fadeel Bu Omar in Benghazi; AsmÄ Faraǧ al-FitÅ«rÄ«, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: as-SafÄ«r Press/al-WikÄlah al-LÄ«biyya li-t- TarqÄ«m ad-DawalÄ« al-Muwaḥḥad li-l-KitÄb,
BinÄ¡ÄzÄ« min 1911 ʾilÄ 2011
, 2011. p. 128; Ziu, “We Win or We Die,” December 29, 2011.
See
http://www.tripolitimes.com/archives/96
, from behind the walls of the battalion of Fadeel Bu Omar in Benghazi; AsmÄ Faraǧ al-FitÅ«rÄ«, BinÄ¡ÄzÄ«: as-SafÄ«r Press/al-WikÄlah al-LÄ«biyya li-t- TarqÄ«m ad-DawalÄ« al-Muwaḥḥad li-l-KitÄb,
BinÄ¡ÄzÄ« min 1911 ʾilÄ 2011
, 2011. p. 128; Ziu, “We Win or We Die,” December 29, 2011.
49
Ibid.
Ibid.
50
Fatḥī BaǧaÊ¿, “LÄ«bÄ«yÄ Ê¾ilÄ Ê¾Ayn? al-MaqÄlah allatÄ« KaÅ¡Å¡afat Wahm al-Iá¹£lÄḥ,”
MiyÄdÄ«n
, May 22, 2011, pp. 4â5.
Fatḥī BaǧaÊ¿, “LÄ«bÄ«yÄ Ê¾ilÄ Ê¾Ayn? al-MaqÄlah allatÄ« KaÅ¡Å¡afat Wahm al-Iá¹£lÄḥ,”
MiyÄdÄ«n
, May 22, 2011, pp. 4â5.
51
Chorin interview with Christopher Stevens.
Chorin interview with Christopher Stevens.
53
Insider report: Saif Al-Gadaffi attempts to flee Libya, denied access to airport; see
http://feb17.info/news/insider-report-saif-attempts-to-flee-libya-denied-access-to-airport
. Posted on February 18, 2011.
Insider report: Saif Al-Gadaffi attempts to flee Libya, denied access to airport; see
http://feb17.info/news/insider-report-saif-attempts-to-flee-libya-denied-access-to-airport
. Posted on February 18, 2011.
55
See
http://www.benjaminbarber.org/Benjamin%20Barber%20Qaddafi%20Foundation%20Press%20Release%202-22-11.pdf
.
See
http://www.benjaminbarber.org/Benjamin%20Barber%20Qaddafi%20Foundation%20Press%20Release%202-22-11.pdf
.
56
Chorin interview with Maged Mahfouz, London, December 23, 2011.
Chorin interview with Maged Mahfouz, London, December 23, 2011.
57
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
59
Phillipe Sands, “The Accomplice,”
Vanity Fair
; see
Vanityfair.com/
politics /features/2011/08/qaddafi-201108.
Phillipe Sands, “The Accomplice,”
Vanity Fair
; see
Vanityfair.com/
politics /features/2011/08/qaddafi-201108.
60
Ibid.
Ibid.
61
Dr. Issam Hajjaji, “Healthcare in Libya,” January 2012 (unpublished copy).
Dr. Issam Hajjaji, “Healthcare in Libya,” January 2012 (unpublished copy).
62
Wayne White, “Fighting in Libya: the Military balance,” MEI Policy Watch #1768, March 3, 2012.
Wayne White, “Fighting in Libya: the Military balance,” MEI Policy Watch #1768, March 3, 2012.
64
Ê¿Abd as-SalÄm MismÄrÄ«, “Munassiq IʾtilÄf 17 FabrÄyÄ«r, DÅ«runÄ á¸¤imÄyat aṯ-á¹®awrah wa IstimrÄr Ahdafaha,”
Berenīq
, May 23, 2011.
Ê¿Abd as-SalÄm MismÄrÄ«, “Munassiq IʾtilÄf 17 FabrÄyÄ«r, DÅ«runÄ á¸¤imÄyat aṯ-á¹®awrah wa IstimrÄr Ahdafaha,”
Berenīq
, May 23, 2011.
65
“Libya's Ambassadors to India, Arab League Resign in Protest Against Government,”
RIA Novosti
, February 21, 2011; see
http://wn.rian.ru/worldl/20110221/162698818.html
.
“Libya's Ambassadors to India, Arab League Resign in Protest Against Government,”
RIA Novosti
, February 21, 2011; see
http://wn.rian.ru/worldl/20110221/162698818.html
.
66
Chorin interview with Ahmed Ibrahim Fagih, Cairo, November, 2011.
Chorin interview with Ahmed Ibrahim Fagih, Cairo, November, 2011.
67
Duthel, Duthel Intelligence Report, p. 30.
Duthel, Duthel Intelligence Report, p. 30.
68
“ǦÄbir Ê¿Uá¹£fÅ«r Yatanazzil Ê¿an Ǧaʾizat al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« IḥtiǧÄǧan Ê¿alÄ al-MaǧÄzir fÄ« LÄ«bÄ«yÄ,”
al ḤayÄh
, February 27, 2011.
“ǦÄbir Ê¿Uá¹£fÅ«r Yatanazzil Ê¿an Ǧaʾizat al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« IḥtiǧÄǧan Ê¿alÄ al-MaǧÄzir fÄ« LÄ«bÄ«yÄ,”
al ḤayÄh
, February 27, 2011.
70
Colin Freeman, “How Britain Courted, Armed, and Trained a Libyan Monster,” Tripoli, September 25, 2011.
Colin Freeman, “How Britain Courted, Armed, and Trained a Libyan Monster,” Tripoli, September 25, 2011.
71
See
http://www.mashhadlibya.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4144:-22-2011&catid=1:2010-03-09-10-35-20&Itemid=50
.
See
http://www.mashhadlibya.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4144:-22-2011&catid=1:2010-03-09-10-35-20&Itemid=50
.
72
The location of Mecca, relative to a Muslim's current position, and direction of prayer.
The location of Mecca, relative to a Muslim's current position, and direction of prayer.
73
See
http://www.mashhadlibya.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4144
:-22-2011&catid=1:2010-03-09-10-35-20&Itemid=50.
See
http://www.mashhadlibya.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4144
:-22-2011&catid=1:2010-03-09-10-35-20&Itemid=50.
74
The US State Department also arranged a flight to follow the sealift. The ferry was stranded in Tripoli harbor for a few days due to rough seas.
The US State Department also arranged a flight to follow the sealift. The ferry was stranded in Tripoli harbor for a few days due to rough seas.
75
“Libya's Humanitarian CrisisâAs Protests Continue, Medical Supplies, along with Fuel and Food Are Running Dangerously Short,” Al Jazeera English, February 28, 2011.
“Libya's Humanitarian CrisisâAs Protests Continue, Medical Supplies, along with Fuel and Food Are Running Dangerously Short,” Al Jazeera English, February 28, 2011.
76
Chorin interviw with Maged Mahfouz, London, December 23, 2011.
Chorin interviw with Maged Mahfouz, London, December 23, 2011.
77
“Thousands Flee Across Libya-Tunisa border,”
Globe and Mail
, February 24, 2011; see
www.theglobeandmail.com
.
“Thousands Flee Across Libya-Tunisa border,”
Globe and Mail
, February 24, 2011; see
www.theglobeandmail.com
.
79
Chorin interview with Dr. Issam Hajjaji, October 2011.
Chorin interview with Dr. Issam Hajjaji, October 2011.
80
Chorin interviw with Maged Mahfouz, London, December 23, 2011.
Chorin interviw with Maged Mahfouz, London, December 23, 2011.
81
Wayne White, “Fighting in Libya: the Military balance,” MEI Policy Watch #1768, March 3, 2012.
Wayne White, “Fighting in Libya: the Military balance,” MEI Policy Watch #1768, March 3, 2012.
82
Duthel, Duthel Intelligence Report, p. 21.
Duthel, Duthel Intelligence Report, p. 21.
85
See
http://libyanfreepress.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/manifesto-of-the-libyan-tribal-council
; and see
http://www.mathaba.net/news/?x=628458
.
See
http://libyanfreepress.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/manifesto-of-the-libyan-tribal-council
; and see
http://www.mathaba.net/news/?x=628458
.
87
Chorin interview with Ambassador David Welch, November 2011,
Chorin interview with Ambassador David Welch, November 2011,
91
David Kirkpatrick, “Tripoli residents tell of terror,”
International Herald Tribune
, March 4, 2011.
David Kirkpatrick, “Tripoli residents tell of terror,”
International Herald Tribune
, March 4, 2011.
93
Wayne White, “Fighting in Libya: the Military balance,” MEI Policy Watch #1768, March 3, 2012.
Wayne White, “Fighting in Libya: the Military balance,” MEI Policy Watch #1768, March 3, 2012.
94
See
http://www.voanews.com/content/clinton-us-far-from-decision-on-libya-no-fly-zone-117257118/135886.html
.
See
http://www.voanews.com/content/clinton-us-far-from-decision-on-libya-no-fly-zone-117257118/135886.html
.
95
“al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« YuÊ¿lin IstirǧÄÊ¿ Mudun . . . wa al-MuÊ¿Äraá¸ah Tanfi,” al-HayÄt, March 7, 2011.
“al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« YuÊ¿lin IstirǧÄÊ¿ Mudun . . . wa al-MuÊ¿Äraá¸ah Tanfi,” al-HayÄt, March 7, 2011.
97
Ibid.
Ibid.
98
See
http://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/week-transcript-saif-al-islam-saadi-gadhafi/story?id=13012239&page=4
.
See
http://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/week-transcript-saif-al-islam-saadi-gadhafi/story?id=13012239&page=4
.
99
Editors, “âUnified Protector' Quels Parametres pour une Operation Lance sans Filet?”
Defense et Sécurité Internationale
(DSI), no. 70, May 2011, pp. 27â40.
Editors, “âUnified Protector' Quels Parametres pour une Operation Lance sans Filet?”
Defense et Sécurité Internationale
(DSI), no. 70, May 2011, pp. 27â40.
100
“Libya mass rape claims: using Viagra would be a horrific first,” posted June 9, 2011, Feb17.Info.
“Libya mass rape claims: using Viagra would be a horrific first,” posted June 9, 2011, Feb17.Info.
102
Human Rights Watch, Libya Report 2012.
Human Rights Watch, Libya Report 2012.
103
Ibid.
Ibid.
104
Louis Charbonneau, “Strong proof of Libya crimes against humanity,” ICC, posted to Feb17.info, May 2, 2011.
Louis Charbonneau, “Strong proof of Libya crimes against humanity,” ICC, posted to Feb17.info, May 2, 2011.
107
Chorin interview with Heather Kalmbach, December 21, 2011.
CHAPTER 10Chorin interview with Heather Kalmbach, December 21, 2011.
1
Barack H. Obama, “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning,” June 4, 2009, transcript,
http://whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/remarks-by-the-president-at_cairo_university
.
Barack H. Obama, “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning,” June 4, 2009, transcript,
http://whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/remarks-by-the-president-at_cairo_university
.
2
Ibid.
Ibid.
3
Ibid.
Ibid.
Other books
Gods of Anthem by Keys, Logan
Edge of Sanity: An Edge Novel by Butcher, Shannon K.
Plaything: Volume One by Jade West, Jason Luke
Wind Rider by Teddy Jacobs
The Offer by Catherine Coulter
The Fun Parts by Sam Lipsyte
So Speaks the Heart by Johanna Lindsey
Blind-Date Baby by Fiona Harper
Flawless by Bagshawe, Tilly
The Boat Builder's Bed by Kris Pearson