Forgotten Land (41 page)
Authors: Max Egremont
This book has relied upon the help of many people, none of whom should be held at all responsible for what I have written.
I particularly thank Antony Beevor; Jan Bielecki; Gottfried von Bismarck; Karl Heinz Bohrer; Governor Georgy Boos; Tessa Capponi; Piet Chielens and Fernand Vanrobaeys of the In Flanders Fields Museum in Ypres; Jan Dalley; Olga Danilova; Norman Davies; Johann van der Decken; Stephen and Irina Dewar; Frank Dombrowski; the late Marion Dönhoff; Vladimir Gilmanov; Anthony Griffiths; Lorenz Grimoni; Christoph von Grote; Neiti Gowrie; Eleonore von Haeften; Max Hastings; Guido Herz; Alexei Ignatiev; Tadeusz Iwínski; Josef and Christine Joffe; Daniel Johnson; Peter and Elfi Johnson; Laurence Kelly; Eduard Kurilovich; Kornelia Kurowski and the staff of Borussia in Olsztyn; Karl von Lehndorff; Krystana Lewánska, the Mayor of Frombork; Irene Lipowicz; Klaus and Vladimira Lunau; Dr Tomasz Makowski, director of the National Library in Warsaw; Dr Władysław Mak
ut; Keith Middlemas; Stephen Nicholls; Paul Oestreicher; Michael Pakenham; Andrej Portnjagin; Tim Robb; John Röhl; Ernie and Carol Rothkopf; Helmut Schmidt; Angela Schock-Hurst; Xan Smiley; Eugeniusz Smolar; Alexander Songal; Carl Leopold and Margot von Spaeth; Hartmut Pogge von Strandman; Dr Mirosław Supruniuk, director of the library of the University of Torun; Gina Thomas; Michel Tournier; Vygaudas Ušackas; Stefan Wagstyl; Michael and Miriam Wieck; Henning von Wistinghausen; Magnus von Wistinghausen; Kazimierz Wóycicki; Peter Wunsch; Adam Zamoyski; Rafal Zytyniec.
ut; Keith Middlemas; Stephen Nicholls; Paul Oestreicher; Michael Pakenham; Andrej Portnjagin; Tim Robb; John Röhl; Ernie and Carol Rothkopf; Helmut Schmidt; Angela Schock-Hurst; Xan Smiley; Eugeniusz Smolar; Alexander Songal; Carl Leopold and Margot von Spaeth; Hartmut Pogge von Strandman; Dr Mirosław Supruniuk, director of the library of the University of Torun; Gina Thomas; Michel Tournier; Vygaudas Ušackas; Stefan Wagstyl; Michael and Miriam Wieck; Henning von Wistinghausen; Magnus von Wistinghausen; Kazimierz Wóycicki; Peter Wunsch; Adam Zamoyski; Rafal Zytyniec.For much of my research, I have relied on the patient staffs of The British Library, The German Historical Institute in London, The London Library, The National Archives at Kew and The Wiener Library. My agent Gill Coleridge has been most supportive throughout, as have my two remarkable editors: Kate Harvey at Picador in
London (who inherited this book but has adopted it with sensitivity and enthusiasm) and Jonathan Galassi at Farrar, Straus and Giroux in New York. Peter James has, as usual, been an excellent, probing copy-editor. For loving calm and tolerance at home – and an apparent wish still, after many years, to hear about what I am writing – I owe my wife, Caroline, more than I can possibly express.
London (who inherited this book but has adopted it with sensitivity and enthusiasm) and Jonathan Galassi at Farrar, Straus and Giroux in New York. Peter James has, as usual, been an excellent, probing copy-editor. For loving calm and tolerance at home – and an apparent wish still, after many years, to hear about what I am writing – I owe my wife, Caroline, more than I can possibly express.
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages of your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Adam of Bremen,
Adenauer, Konrad
Albrecht of Brandenburg-Anspach, Duke: opposes Turkssubmits to Polish kingstatuesilver libraryas Grand Master of Teutonic Knightsas Duke of Prussiaand Rominten,
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia
Alexei (Russian businessman)
Allenstein
see
Olsztyn
Amber Room, the
Anna Maria, Duchess (Albrecht’s second wife)
anti-Semitism: Knox’s among JunkersNazi and July 1944 plottersin East Prussia Russian
see also
Jews
Astor, David
Austria-Hungary: Prussian war with (1866)domination in Balkansthreatens Serbia (1914)annexes Bosnia (1908)
Adenauer, Konrad
Albrecht of Brandenburg-Anspach, Duke: opposes Turkssubmits to Polish kingstatuesilver libraryas Grand Master of Teutonic Knightsas Duke of Prussiaand Rominten,
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia
Alexei (Russian businessman)
Allenstein
see
Olsztyn
Amber Room, the
Anna Maria, Duchess (Albrecht’s second wife)
anti-Semitism: Knox’s among JunkersNazi and July 1944 plottersin East Prussia Russian
see also
Jews
Astor, David
Austria-Hungary: Prussian war with (1866)domination in Balkansthreatens Serbia (1914)annexes Bosnia (1908)
Baedeker, Karl: travel guides
Barckhausen, Dr Paul
Barlach, Ernst:
Grief
(wooden sculpture)
Bebel, August
Becker, Moritz
Beerst (Belgium)
Belarus
Belgium: and First World War war graves and cemeteries
see also
Roggeveld; Ypres
Bennigsen, General Levin August, Count von
Bergau, Martin
The Boy from the Amber Coast
Berlin: Marjellchen (restaurant) Prussian State Archives Schönhausen Museum KollwitzplatzOlympic Games (1936)International Hunting Exhibition (1937)Neue Wache
Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von
Białowies
Bismarck, Prince Otto von: as Prussian Prime Ministerand German patriotismattacks Junkers’ feudalismdeparture Hans von Lehndorff meets archives removed
Bismarck, Count Wilhelm von
Bismarck-Jugend
Bleichröder, Gerson von
Blitz, Maria
Blode, Hermann
Blomberg, General Werner von
Blomfield, Reginald
Blunden, Edmund
Bobrowski, Johannes
Bode, Wilhelm
Bodt, Jean de
Bolsheviks: revolution and government in Russiaunderestimated by British
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
Boos, Georgy
Boothby, Robert, Baron
borders: in Europe
Boris, King of Bulgaria
Borussia (cultural organization)
Bosnia: annexed (1908)
Brahms, Johannes
Brandenburg: united with Prussia
Brandt, Willy
Braniewo
Brauchitsch, Field Marshal Walther von
Braun, Otto
Braunsberg
Breslau (now Wrocław)
Brest (Poland)
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918)
Brezhnev, Leonid
Britain: attitude to Tsarist Russia pact with Polandtrade agreement with Soviet Russia (1921)
Brodsky, Joseph
Bronisch, Paul
Brüning, Heinrich
Budberg, General Aleksei, Baron
Bund der Vertriebenen
Busch, Fritz
Bush, George W
Barckhausen, Dr Paul
Barlach, Ernst:
Grief
(wooden sculpture)
Bebel, August
Becker, Moritz
Beerst (Belgium)
Belarus
Belgium: and First World War war graves and cemeteries
see also
Roggeveld; Ypres
Bennigsen, General Levin August, Count von
Bergau, Martin
The Boy from the Amber Coast
Berlin: Marjellchen (restaurant) Prussian State Archives Schönhausen Museum KollwitzplatzOlympic Games (1936)International Hunting Exhibition (1937)Neue Wache
Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von
Białowies
Bismarck, Prince Otto von: as Prussian Prime Ministerand German patriotismattacks Junkers’ feudalismdeparture Hans von Lehndorff meets archives removed
Bismarck, Count Wilhelm von
Bismarck-Jugend
Bleichröder, Gerson von
Blitz, Maria
Blode, Hermann
Blomberg, General Werner von
Blomfield, Reginald
Blunden, Edmund
Bobrowski, Johannes
Bode, Wilhelm
Bodt, Jean de
Bolsheviks: revolution and government in Russiaunderestimated by British
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
Boos, Georgy
Boothby, Robert, Baron
borders: in Europe
Boris, King of Bulgaria
Borussia (cultural organization)
Bosnia: annexed (1908)
Brahms, Johannes
Brandenburg: united with Prussia
Brandt, Willy
Braniewo
Brauchitsch, Field Marshal Walther von
Braun, Otto
Braunsberg
Breslau (now Wrocław)
Brest (Poland)
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918)
Brezhnev, Leonid
Britain: attitude to Tsarist Russia pact with Polandtrade agreement with Soviet Russia (1921)
Brodsky, Joseph
Bronisch, Paul
Brüning, Heinrich
Budberg, General Aleksei, Baron
Bund der Vertriebenen
Busch, Fritz
Bush, George W
Carus, Carl Gustav:
Neuer Atlas der Cranioscopie
Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia
Catholics: Polishexcluded by Dönhoffs
Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary)
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart
Chamberlain, Neville
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Churchill, Sir Winston S.
The World Crisis
Common Agricultural Policy (European Union)
Communism: in eastern Europe
see also
Bolsheviks
concentration camps
Confessional Church (Lutheran)
Conwell-Evans, Philip
Copernicus, Nicolaus
Corinth, Lovis
Cranz (now Zelenogradsk)
Curonian Spit
see
Kurische Nehrung
Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess
Czech Legions: in Russian civil war (1918 – 21)
Czechoslovakia: and Sudetenland
Neuer Atlas der Cranioscopie
Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia
Catholics: Polishexcluded by Dönhoffs
Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary)
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart
Chamberlain, Neville
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Churchill, Sir Winston S.
The World Crisis
Common Agricultural Policy (European Union)
Communism: in eastern Europe
see also
Bolsheviks
concentration camps
Confessional Church (Lutheran)
Conwell-Evans, Philip
Copernicus, Nicolaus
Corinth, Lovis
Cranz (now Zelenogradsk)
Curonian Spit
see
Kurische Nehrung
Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess
Czech Legions: in Russian civil war (1918 – 21)
Czechoslovakia: and Sudetenland
Dach, Simon
Danzig
see
Gda
sk
Decken, Johann van der
Denmark: wars with Prussia
Desborough, William Henry Grenfell, Baron
Deutsch Eylau (now Iława)
see also
Eylau, battle of
Deutsche Jägerschaft
Deutschland
(ship)
Diesch, Carl
Dietrichs, Eugen
Diksmuide (Belgium)
Djilas, Milovan
Dohna family
Dohna, Richard
Dohna, Richard Wilhelm
Dohna-Schlobitten, Alexander, Fürst von: wife’s status at Schlobitten memoirsand building of Schlobittenlife at Schlobitten succeeds to title German nationalism attends Hindenburg’s funeral view of Nazismserves in SS and July Plot against Hitler leads refugees from Schlobitten at war’s end attends reunionspost-war life and death
Dohna-Schlobitten, Fürst Alexander zu
Dohna-Schlobitten, Antoinette, Fürstin von (
née
von Arnim; ‘Titi’)
Dombrowski, Frank
Donelaitis, Kristijonas
Dönhoff family
see also
Friedrichstein
Dönhoff, August von (Marion’s father)
Dönhoff, August von (Marion’s grandfather)
Dönhoff, Dieter
Dönhoff, Heinrich, Count
Dönhoff, Hermann
Dönhoff, General Magnus, Graf von
Dönhoff, Maria
Dönhoff, Countess Marion: flees East Prussiamemoirson ‘cashless society’on style of Schlobittenauthor meets funeral background and career works on
Die Zeit
ride (1941) and return of Kant’s statueand plot against Hitlerin Londonpost-war activities and status returns to East Prussia (1989) and Alexander Dohna’s escape plan
Dönhoff, Ria
Dostler, General Anton
Dostoevsky, Fedor
Dowland, John
Dresden: bombed in war
Drw
ck (formerly Dröbnitz)
Duisburg: characterKönigsberg Museum Kant andIvanov in Königsberg reunion (1955)
Düsseldorf: International Hunting Exhibition (1954)
Danzig
see
Gda
skDecken, Johann van der
Denmark: wars with Prussia
Desborough, William Henry Grenfell, Baron
Deutsch Eylau (now Iława)
see also
Eylau, battle of
Deutsche Jägerschaft
Deutschland
(ship)
Diesch, Carl
Dietrichs, Eugen
Diksmuide (Belgium)
Djilas, Milovan
Dohna family
Dohna, Richard
Dohna, Richard Wilhelm
Dohna-Schlobitten, Alexander, Fürst von: wife’s status at Schlobitten memoirsand building of Schlobittenlife at Schlobitten succeeds to title German nationalism attends Hindenburg’s funeral view of Nazismserves in SS and July Plot against Hitler leads refugees from Schlobitten at war’s end attends reunionspost-war life and death
Dohna-Schlobitten, Fürst Alexander zu
Dohna-Schlobitten, Antoinette, Fürstin von (
née
von Arnim; ‘Titi’)
Dombrowski, Frank
Donelaitis, Kristijonas
Dönhoff family
see also
Friedrichstein
Dönhoff, August von (Marion’s father)
Dönhoff, August von (Marion’s grandfather)
Dönhoff, Dieter
Dönhoff, Heinrich, Count
Dönhoff, Hermann
Dönhoff, General Magnus, Graf von
Dönhoff, Maria
Dönhoff, Countess Marion: flees East Prussiamemoirson ‘cashless society’on style of Schlobittenauthor meets funeral background and career works on
Die Zeit
ride (1941) and return of Kant’s statueand plot against Hitlerin Londonpost-war activities and status returns to East Prussia (1989) and Alexander Dohna’s escape plan
Dönhoff, Ria
Dostler, General Anton
Dostoevsky, Fedor
Dowland, John
Dresden: bombed in war
Drw
ck (formerly Dröbnitz)Duisburg: characterKönigsberg Museum Kant andIvanov in Königsberg reunion (1955)
Düsseldorf: International Hunting Exhibition (1954)
East Prussia: historical development ethnic composition refugees and deportees after Second World War pre-war life as Russian territorypost-war settlementoverrun by Red Army emigration (1850 – 70)Knox describes untamed landscapeimmigration and settlementPoles in
Russians invade in First World Warserfdom abolishedagricultural prices and conditionsGerman advance and occupation in First Warestates and castles cultivated Germans claim back land and peace settlement (1919) place-names plebiscite (1920)resurgence under Nazistourism fear of PolandJews in Hitler visitscemeteries German language and culture inGermans excluded fromGermany loses to Russia after war Solzhenitsyn on Germans attempt to reclaim property
Russians invade in First World Warserfdom abolishedagricultural prices and conditionsGerman advance and occupation in First Warestates and castles cultivated Germans claim back land and peace settlement (1919) place-names plebiscite (1920)resurgence under Nazistourism fear of PolandJews in Hitler visitscemeteries German language and culture inGermans excluded fromGermany loses to Russia after war Solzhenitsyn on Germans attempt to reclaim property
Edmunds, Sir James
Edward I, King of England
Edward III, King of England
Eichmann, Adolf
Einstein, Albert
Elbing (now Elbl
g)
Elizabeth, Tsarina of Russia
Engels, Friedrich
Estonia: under German control (1918)
Etkind family
Eulenburg, Philipp von
Eydtkuhnen
Eylau: battle of (1807)
see also
Deutsch Eylau
Edward I, King of England
Edward III, King of England
Eichmann, Adolf
Einstein, Albert
Elbing (now Elbl
g)Elizabeth, Tsarina of Russia
Engels, Friedrich
Estonia: under German control (1918)
Etkind family
Eulenburg, Philipp von
Eydtkuhnen
Eylau: battle of (1807)
see also
Deutsch Eylau
Federal German Republic: joins NATO attached to West
see also
Germany (united)
Feyerabend, Hans
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
Speech to the German Nation
Finland: independence (1918)
Fischer, Edwin
Fontane, Theodore
France: war with Prussia (1870) Russia alliance (1894)
François, General Hermann von
Frank, Ludwig
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria
Frauenberg (now Frombork)
Frederick I, King of Prussia
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia: military victories and expansionismdisparages southern Baltic wildness witnesses execution of best friend and Prussian power welcomes immigrantsand KantHamann’s loyalty to Mann praises
Frederick William I, King of Prussia
Frederick William II, King of Prussia
Frederick William III, King of Prussia
Frederick William IV, King of Prussia
Freud, Sigmund
Frevert, Gertrud (
née
Habich)
Frevert, Heinke (earlier Barckhausen)
Frevert, Walter
Rominten – The East Prussian Hunting Paradise
Friedland, battle of (1807)
Friedrich Carl, Prince von Preussen
Friedrichs, Kurt
Friedrichstein (house)
Frische Nehrung (Vistula Spit)
Frisches Haff
Frombork
see
Frauenberg
see also
Germany (united)
Feyerabend, Hans
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
Speech to the German Nation
Finland: independence (1918)
Fischer, Edwin
Fontane, Theodore
France: war with Prussia (1870) Russia alliance (1894)
François, General Hermann von
Frank, Ludwig
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria
Frauenberg (now Frombork)
Frederick I, King of Prussia
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia: military victories and expansionismdisparages southern Baltic wildness witnesses execution of best friend and Prussian power welcomes immigrantsand KantHamann’s loyalty to Mann praises
Frederick William I, King of Prussia
Frederick William II, King of Prussia
Frederick William III, King of Prussia
Frederick William IV, King of Prussia
Freud, Sigmund
Frevert, Gertrud (
née
Habich)
Frevert, Heinke (earlier Barckhausen)
Frevert, Walter
Rominten – The East Prussian Hunting Paradise
Friedland, battle of (1807)
Friedrich Carl, Prince von Preussen
Friedrichs, Kurt
Friedrichstein (house)
Frische Nehrung (Vistula Spit)
Frisches Haff
Frombork
see
Frauenberg
Gause, Fritz
Gda
sk (
formerly
Danzig): and East Prussia’s western frontier as free international cityname changedrebuilt
George V, King: Silver Jubilee (1935)
George, Stefan
German language: as lingua franca in eastern Europe
Germans: in post-war Poland and right to homeland expelled from East Prussia attempt to reclaim East Prussian property
Germany (united): image in Britain refugees from eastern territoriesNazi behaviour in East Prussia in 1939 – 45 war pre-First War fear of Russia Tannenberg victory (1914) in First World Warmilitarism before First World Warsocialist party (1914)empire proclaimed (1871)advance against Russians (1915)gains control of Baltic states defeat (1918)peace terms (1918 – 19)denies war guilt alliance with Italy British pre-war admirers and critics Knox’s views on as pariah state invades Russia (1941) ostracized after war
see also
East Prussia; Federal German Republic; Nazism
Gerstenmaier, Eugen
Gide, André
Gilinsky, General
Gilmanov, Vladimir
Gneisenau, August W. A., Graf Neithardt von
Gniew
see
Mewe
Goebbels, Joseph
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
Wilhelm Meister
Goltz, Hilmar von der
Gömbös, Gyula
Göring, Hermann: hunting qualities attends Tannenberg demonstration at Hindenburg’s funeral honoured at Tannenberg Memorial rhyming telegram from Januschauuses Mann’s Nidden housevisits Dohnasgives orders to Frevertand evacuation of Rominten
Gormig (Gestapo district commander)
Göttingen, University of
Graditz
Gräfe and Unser (publishing house)
Grayeff, Felix
Green, Joseph
Grimoni, Lorenz: as curator of Königsberg Museum, Duisberg memories of East Prussia on Ivanovon wildness of East Prussia on Agnes Miegel on geography of regionon Palmnicken deathson outside view of Germanybuilds
Lutheran church in Königsberg attempts to revive Prussian past
Grunwald, battle of (1410) memorial
see also
Tannenberg
Guderian, General Heinz
Gumbinnen
see
Gusev
Gusev (
formerly
Gumbinnen)
Gda
sk (formerly
Danzig): and East Prussia’s western frontier as free international cityname changedrebuilt
George V, King: Silver Jubilee (1935)
George, Stefan
German language: as lingua franca in eastern Europe
Germans: in post-war Poland and right to homeland expelled from East Prussia attempt to reclaim East Prussian property
Germany (united): image in Britain refugees from eastern territoriesNazi behaviour in East Prussia in 1939 – 45 war pre-First War fear of Russia Tannenberg victory (1914) in First World Warmilitarism before First World Warsocialist party (1914)empire proclaimed (1871)advance against Russians (1915)gains control of Baltic states defeat (1918)peace terms (1918 – 19)denies war guilt alliance with Italy British pre-war admirers and critics Knox’s views on as pariah state invades Russia (1941) ostracized after war
see also
East Prussia; Federal German Republic; Nazism
Gerstenmaier, Eugen
Gide, André
Gilinsky, General
Gilmanov, Vladimir
Gneisenau, August W. A., Graf Neithardt von
Gniew
see
Mewe
Goebbels, Joseph
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
Wilhelm Meister
Goltz, Hilmar von der
Gömbös, Gyula
Göring, Hermann: hunting qualities attends Tannenberg demonstration at Hindenburg’s funeral honoured at Tannenberg Memorial rhyming telegram from Januschauuses Mann’s Nidden housevisits Dohnasgives orders to Frevertand evacuation of Rominten
Gormig (Gestapo district commander)
Göttingen, University of
Graditz
Gräfe and Unser (publishing house)
Grayeff, Felix
Green, Joseph
Grimoni, Lorenz: as curator of Königsberg Museum, Duisberg memories of East Prussia on Ivanovon wildness of East Prussia on Agnes Miegel on geography of regionon Palmnicken deathson outside view of Germanybuilds
Lutheran church in Königsberg attempts to revive Prussian past
Grunwald, battle of (1410) memorial
see also
Tannenberg
Guderian, General Heinz
Gumbinnen
see
Gusev
Gusev (
formerly
Gumbinnen)
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